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Hackthorpe Hall, also a farm- 21 house. The birth-place of John first Viscount Lonsdale. The Lowther family have immense 19 possessions in the neighbourhood.

Shap, anciently Heppe, a long 16 straggling village. The remains of an abbey, founded in 1150, are a mile to the west on the banks of the Lowther. Only a tower of the Church is standing, but it appears to have been 14 at one time an extensive structure. A road turns off at Shap to Hawes Water, six miles.

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Hackthorpe Vill.

Thrimby Vill.

Shap Vill. Inns, Greyhound, King's Arms.

Shap Toll Bar.

Over the elevated moorish tract called Shap Fells.

Steep descent_under Bretherdale Bank to

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Carleton Hall, Cowper, Esq.

The Eamont and Lowther are tributaries of the Eden, before entering which they form a junction.

Brougham Hall, the Windsor of the North. In the vicinity is Brougham Castle, a fine ruin, the property of the Earl of Thanet, a descendant from "The stout Lord Cliffords that did fight in France."

Upon Clifton Moor, a skirmish took place in 1745, between! the retreating troops of the Pre5 tender and the army under the Duke of Cumberland, in which fifteen were killed on both sides. Mention is made of this inci-] 7 dent in Waverley.

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High Borrow Bridge, over the Lune.

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dal.

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Whinfell Beacon, 1500 feet.

Hollow through which the Sprint from Longsleddale flows. This narrow and picturesque vale commences near Garnett Bridge, and runs six miles northwards, between steep and rocky declivities. A path at its head crosses Gatescarth Pass, having Harter Fell on the left, and Branstree on the right, into Mardale, at the head of Hawes Water.

Benson Knott, 1098 feet.

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St. George's Church.

Inns,

King's Arms, Commercial.

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This Railway is an undertaking of great magnitude, and exhibits proofs of the surpassing skill of its engineers. Some of its tunnels are of enormous length, passing through the hill ridges that divide Lancashire from Yorkshire, and opening a communication with the northern and eastern parts of the kingdom,

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* Near Sowerby Bridge is HALIFAX, a well built and opulent town, deriving its importance from the manufacture of cloth, which was commenced here about the middle of the sixteenth century. It has numerous cotton mills and factories, and is the principal mart for stuffs, such as shalloons, serges, &c. for the sale of which an immense building, called the Piece Hall, has been erected, having 315 rooms for the lodgement of goods, which are open for sales once a week. The vicinity of Halifax abounds with coal, and the Calder navigation affords a ready communication with Hull and the east, and the Rochdale Canal with Manchester, Chester, Liverpool, and Lancaster in the west. Halifax has two churches. The old church is a venerable Gothic structure, containing several ancient monuments. There are also several meeting-houses and charitable institutions, a free school, &c. Halifax once had criminal jurisdiction, even in capital cases.

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Any person found guilty of theft was beheaded by means of a machine resembling the guillotine, called the Maid of Halifax." Two M. P. Pop. of township,

19,881.

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Oldham branch of the Manchester and Leeds Railway.-This short line was opened on March 31, 1842, and constructed at a cost of L.45,000.

OLDHAM is situated on an eminence on the western bank of the Medlock and near the source of another stream called the Irk. It is only about six miles distant from Manchester, and this circumstance, together with the advantages of water carriage, and especially its mineral resources, have constituted this one of the most extensive seats of the staple manufacture in the county. The goods chiefly made here are fustian, velveteens, calicoes, and cotton and woollen cords. The silk manufacture is making progress. The original staple trade is the manufacture of hats, which still prevails to a very large extent. It was in this branch of manufacture that Mr Thomas Henschaw, the principal benefactor of the town, realized his great wealth. He was the founder of a blind asylum at Manchester, and a blue coat school at Oldham. Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, who founded and endowed the free school of Manchester, derived his name, if not his origin, from this town. Oldham was first constituted a burgh by the Reform Act, and now returns two members. No town in this vicinity has grown in size and numbers more rapidly than Oldham. In 1760, it is said to have consisted of only sixty dwellings. The population in 1841 amounted to 42,595.

Manchester and Sheffield Railway. This railway is now in the course of completion, and has been opened as far as Glossop. The total length of the line when completed will be 40 miles.

XCII. BIRMIN GHAM AND DERBY JUNCTION RAILWAY, 38 Miles in length, commences at the Hampton Station of the London and Birmingham Railway.

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