later structures; yet, returning to a view of Alnwick, to its general plan, as well as the actual construction of the building itself, there appears to be sufficient evidence for assigning the earliest existing portions of its enceinte, and the general body of the keep, to Eustace Fitz-John. It eter; and in the 7 John a convention was made betwixt Robert Turnham and his wife and the Templars concerning the mills erected upon the fosse. See Rot. Claus. 6 John; Rot. Select. 37; Rot. Lit. Pat. 64. 1225. Geoffrey de Cumpton ordered to let the sheriff of York have materials for the bridge and houses of the castle of York, and that the sheriff should repair the breaches in the palisades. Rot. Claus. 9 Hen. III. 1226. The Master of the Templars petitions that the water which descends from the fosse to the Ouse, on which the Master has a mill, may be cleaned out by him and scoured, as at present it is so filled with mud as to be injurious to its working. Rot. Claus. 10 Hen. III. 1326. The drawbridge of the castle, and another bridge adjoining it, and another within the castle, and the tower there, also the bretasch within the castle, are ruinous, and want much repair; and the lead upon the tower is in great measure decayed, and the springalds disjointed, and there are neither slings, bows, quarrels, or arrows. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 20 Edw. II. 1333. Orders sent to take the great engine to pieces, and to transport it to Hull. Rot. Scot. 7 Edw. III. 1333. The sheriff ordered out of the old materials to rebuild, if necessary, a certain house for the reception of Queen Philippa and her companions, on the north side of the castle, and a palisade to be put up, and a wooden bridge to be put under that entrance which leads from the castle on the south side towards the mill. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 7 Edw. III. In this year the exchequer was again removed to the castle of York, as it had been in the 26 Edw. I. and the 12 and 15 Edw. II.'s reign. 1334. Repairs ordered for the barricade. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 8 Edw. III. 1335. Repairs within the castle, the walls and palisades. Id. 1363. Repairs to walls, houses, towers, and bridge of castle, and the waterhead of the fosse. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 37 Edw. III. 1376. A chantry founded by Thomas de Bowon, citizen of York, where there may be daily service at the altar of the Blessed Virgin in her church upon the mount of the castle of York. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 50 Edw. III. Lands were held by various individuals under the tenure of furnishing military aid to the castle when called for. Thus Margaret Staveley held hers on condition of furnishing the eighteenth part of a bowman. (Abbrev. Rot. Orig. 1 Edw. III.) And the same authority states that Thomas Stanley held his lands by the finding of a balistarius for forty days in war-time (19 Edw. III.); and also Walter de Quixley, 27 Edw. III., on the same conditions. The earliest constable I meet with is (1201) William Stuteville (2 John, Rot. Chart.). Amongst the most important of those holding the office were William de Latimer, 38 Hen. III.; Ranulf de Dacre, 6 Edw. I.; Gerard Salvyn, 4 Edw. II.; Peter de Saltmersh, 6 Edw. III.; Radulf Hastings, 11 Edw. III. The constableship and lieutenancy of the county, as in this instance, usually went together. Henry Earl of Cumberland, the last earl of the Clifford family, was lord-lieutenant under Charles I., and gave name to the tower. Barnewell Castle, though small, is a very interesting military building, erected at the close of the reign of Henry III. There is nothing either in its position or artificial means of defence that gives it the smallest claims to notice. Yet, as it is a structure that can be very closely dated, and as it presents a remarkable configuration in two of its angular towers, the building itself being a square, it becomes a valuable specimen of the military architecture of the middle ages. This building, as we learn from the Hundred Rolls, was erected by Berengarius le Moigne in the year 1264; and with the aid of this authentic evidence we are enabled to assign to it a reality of origin extremely uncommon. "Dicunt quod Berengarius le Moigne construxit castrum apud Bernewelle decem annis elapsis." Rot. Hund. 2 Edw. I. will moreover be observed at a glance, that the masonry of the most ancient part is dissimilar to the early Norman. For instance, comparing it with Flambard's work at Norham,* which was erected not later than 22 Hen. I. (1121), the ashlars are considerably larger, a clear proof that Alnwick comes after it; all the early Norman ashlaring at the former place being worked into small cubes. Every year we descend, the size and the proportions become changed; so that even without the aid of mouldings, which are such an infallible criterion of dates, a close approximation may be arrived at by observing attentively the size and the method adopted in dressing the walling-stones. The figure of Norham evidently shows that it was erected at this time, whilst the masonry affords additional proofs: and perhaps the different kinds of ashlaring that are employed exhibit more continuous evidence of frequent reparation than will be found in any castle in the north. On the south side of the keep we see a good deal of the ancient, and at the top of the south-west angle, and more particularly on the west side, work of a later period. It is well known that the castle was taken by the Scots in 1138, and almost destroyed. In 1174 Bishop Pudsey in a measure rebuilt the keep. Historians give him the credit of erecting it entirely; but it is more conformable with the earlier portions existing to infer he merely built up those parts which had been demolished by David in 1138. King John met Alexander II. here in 1209 for a conference; but the convention was not of a permanent nature, as we find the king of Scotland fruitlessly investing it for forty days in 1215. Edward I. spent in 1291 several days at Norham my itinerary shows that he was here from May 5, 1291 to June 18. He was here again in June the following year. On the former occasion there was held here a military array for Scotland, and also a large assemblage of nobility and clergy, convened in the church, June 3d, touching the claims of the various competitors to the Scottish crown. the succeeding reign this castle was taken and retaken more than once. It was besieged by the Scots in 1318, who took and held the outer ward for three days: was taken by them 1327. Besieged by King James in person 1498, but gallantly defended by Bishop Fox, who had recently repaired it: fell again into the hands of the Scots in 1513. It was devised to the crown by Bishop Mathew in In 1603, and thus the long connection it held with the palatine of Durham became dissolved. There is no other military remain which exhibits such numerous vicissitudes. It is not a little remarkable that any thing architectural should exist; but our surprise is increased upon finding so much that serves to illustrate its earliest history. 13 John, 1211. Et Philip. de Ulecote 175 marc. de tribus annis et dimid. ad custod. castellum de Norham, scilicet 50 marc. per annum quamdiu habuit custodiam. 14 John. Et in operacione castelli de Norham cum reparacione domorum et graduum ejusdem castri, 273/. 3s. 2}d. Et pro 88 lb. cere; et 10lb. amigdalarum; et 10lb. de cimino; et 10 lb. piperis; et 21 corda de cannabo; et 38 aliis cordis de basto; et 144 ulnis de canevatio; et 9 celdris et 11 bollis de frumento; et 1070 esperdutis ferri; et 4 celdris salis; et 6 celdris de pisis albis; et 30 celdris 5 follis avene; et 41 baconis et 1 mille de aléc (herrings, v. Ducange alecium); et 20 carcosiis multonum, quæ omnia sunt in castello de Norham; de quibus predicti custodes debent respondere 37l. 10s. 8d. Et Philippo de Ulecote 50 marc. ad custodiam castelli de Norham. Et in expensis prisonum Ybernie, et pro illis ducendis a Norham usque ad Clarendon et eisdem reducendis usque ad Norham et compeditis et cathenis et firgiis 108s. 6d. Et pro petrariis mangonellis quarellis ducendis a Norham usque ad Dunelmensem et pro balistis regis apud Norham reparandis, 116s. 24d. Et pro 1 nova Galia facienda 44l. 18s. 73d. cum apparatu. Et in expensis rectoris ejusdem Galie, 105s. Et pro ancoris et aliis armamentis ad magnam navem regis qui venit de Poræsame, 111s. 2d. Unfortunately the keep has undergone, at various times, much reparation; and the walls, from the carious nature of the sandstone, as well as from hostile attacks, have sustained so much irreparable injury, that we must read its architectural history by the light reflected from buildings apparently of the same epoch. The florid character of the Norman arch leading into the innermost baly seems to place the execution of this portion in the middle of the 12th century, such doorways being scarcely ever to be traced beyond the years 1140 or 1150. There were three possessors of the barony of Alnwick previous to this time; but though they may in turn have resided on the spot where the castle at present stands, it |