they invite him to continue his efforts in this attempt to destroy freedom and improvement. Here we find conclusive evidence that the union of Church and State is the great enemy of liberty, as well as of mental and moral progress. The second reformation of the Christian Church will be found in the separation of the Church from the State throughout Christendom, as a natural result of increased intellectual knowledge, and of moral progress. When this era shall have arrived the power of Christianity over international law and the public opinion of nations will be greatly increased.

The Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland and the United States of America, and the Presbyterian clergy of Scotland have recently proclaimed their disapprobation of a union of Church and State. Protestants and Catholics are beginning to move, and we trust that their march may be onward.

Owing to the slavery of the press, the arts and sciences made little progress prior to the seventeenth century. At that era the Bible, aided by the press, awoke the mind of Europe. Then arose Grotius, Bacon, Descartes, Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, to lay the foundations of International Law and Natural Philosophy. Shakespeare and Milton at about this era sung their sweet and celestial songs of immortal poesy. Since

the commencement of the eighteenth century, mental philosophy, ethics, and chemistry have become sciences; and earth, air, fire and water, the simple elements of ancient philosophy are now proved to be compound bodies, and their component gases have in some degree been developed. Since that era the steam engine has been invented in England, and by our Fulton it has been successfully applied as a motive power in navigation. A new application of this motive principle to railways and ship navigation in our day, marks the present day as the epoch of rapid improvement.

Since Grotius, many great writers on international law have arisen who have asserted the rights of humanity with learning and ability. Important as their labors have been in limiting the atrocities of war, and upholding the authority of right reason to some extent, it must be manifest to every enlightened mind, that a new code of public law is demanded by the law of progress, that shall in all its principles conform to the precepts of the Gospel, which we have shown to be identical with the law of nature. Such a new code, enjoining peace, equity and humanity, is the humble improvement which we now aim to make in public law.

From our brief review of the causes that have retarded the progress of international law, the

arts and sciences, and true Christianity, it must be manifest that the ignorance of the mass of the people of Europe is a heritage from their fathers, carefully transmitted to them by spiritual and temporal rulers, who erroneously supposed that ig norance was a safe basis of power. It is alike obvious that general education of the people, intellectual and religious, is the sure and only mode of increasing the permanent power and felicity of a nation. Prussia is now laying the foundations of her strength wisely upon a general education of her people, which will ultimately give her preeminence among the continental nations. She perceives that a multiplication of mental and moral power is the most rapid mode of increasing the wealth, strength and prosperity of a nation.

Our own country is a striking example of the effect of free Christianity, of a free press, and of a free government. In a little more than two centuries our country has risen from a few emigrants to more than seventeen millions of people, according to our census of 1840. In 1776, our revolution, our population was about three millions. Religion here is left to voluntary support, and we have no union of Church and State to destroy religion and corrupt the state. Still the churches are well supported. In 1841, the United States contained 17,748 churches and 15,857

ministers. Education is confided to a self-governing people, and yet there are now 173 Colleges with more than 16,000 students, 3,242 Academies and Grammar Schools with more than 164,000 students, and 47,209 primary schools, with about 1,845,244 scholars. Americans are educated in these institutions, in these churches, in our legislative and electoral assemblies, in our primary meetings for political and social objects, as well as in our courts. Our electors are about two millions and a half, in whom the sovereignty of the Republic resides. These are our governing princes and our officers judicial, executive and legislative are their agents and representatives. This people, since the year 1800, have constructed more than 2,900 miles of canal, and over 4,442 miles of rail-way. These are 43 years of herculean labor of our freemen.

Our property amounts to about four thousand millions of dollars, and our annual income to about one thousand or twelve hundred millions. Our public domain, of near one thou sand millions, of acres, has furnished, and for countless centuries, will furnish cheap fee simple farms to our people. The mass of our citizens have comfortable properties, and own the soil they live on. They are well clothed, well fed, moral, industrious and happy. As to arms, we seek only those of self-defence, hence we employ

ten or twelve thousand men in our army, and a small navy to protect our commerce. Such are

the fruits of the Pilgrim Charter, which made selfgovernment the principle, and the law of God the rule of government for the commonwealth of the wilderness. Washington, the father of his country, in his Farewell Address, placed the Republic upon the eternal principles of peace, equity, justice and humanity. He forbade all wars, except those of self-defence, in accordance with the precept of the Gospel. On the 26th day of September, 1815, the declaration of Alexander of Russia, and his royal allies, gave their sanction to the noble principle that sovereigns were bound, in their international relations as well as municipal, to observe the precepts of the Gospel. As the allied sovereigns united upon that correct and holy prinple, it leads us to consider of a mode of applying our American policy to the monarchies of Europe.

We propose that the Holy Alliance, following out the precepts of the Gospel, and with a view to a permanent peace, should reassemble, and by a general treaty agree to disarm, so as to leave a military and marine for Europe of 300,000 men, distributed among the powers, so as to ensure a land and sea police. This plan would settle all contests for superiority except those of education, moral and social improvement, and honorable in