ARTICLE XXVII. Le present traité sera ratifié de part et d'autre et les ratifications seront échangées dans l'espace de huit mois, ou plustôt, si faire se peut, à compter du jour de la signature. En foi de quoi les Plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signé les articles cy dessus et y ont apposé le cachet de leurs armes. Fait à Paris le trois Avril, l an de Grâce mil sept cent quatre vingt trois. Le Roi de Suede et les États Unis de l'Amerique Septentrionale sont convenus que le present traité aura son plein effet pendant l'espace de quinze ans consecutifs, à compter du jour de sa ratification; et les deux parties contractantes se reservent la faculté de le renouveller au bout de ce tems. Fait à Paris le trois Avril, l' an de Grâce mil sept cent quatre vingt trois. GUSTAV PHILIP Comte de Creutz. (L. s.) Articles Separés. ARTICLE I. (L. S.) Sa Majesté Suedoise fera usage de tous les moyens qui sont dans son pouvoir pour proteger et défendre les vaisseaux et effets, appartenans aux citoyens ou habitans des Etats Unis de l'Amerique Septentrionale et à chacun d'iceux, qui seront dans les ports, havres ou rades ou dans les mers près des pais, isles, contrées, villes et places de sa dite Majesté, et sera tous ses efforts pour récouvrer et faire restituer aux proprietaires legitimes tous les vaisseaux et effets qui leur seront pris dans l'etendue de sa jurisdiction. ARTICLE II. De même les Etats Unis de l'Amérique Septentrionale protegeront et defendront les vaisseaux et effets, appartenans aux sujets de sa Majesté Suedoise qui seront dans les ports, havres ou rades, ou dans les mers près des païs, isles, contrees, villes et places des dits Etats, et feront tous leurs efforts pour recouvrer et faire restituer aux proprietaires légitimes, tous les vaisseaux et effets qui leur seront pris dans l'etendue de leur jurisdiction. ARTICLE III. Si durant une guerre maritime à venir, les deux puissances contractantes prennent le parti de rester neutres et d'observer, comme telles, la plus exacte neutralité, alors on est convenu que s'il arrivoit que les vaisseaux marchands de l'un des puissances, se trouvassent dans un parage où les vaisseaux de guerre de la même nation ne fussent pas stationnés, ou bien s'ils se rencontrent en pleine mer sans pouvoir avoir recours à leurs propres convois, dans ce cas le commandant des vaisseaux de guerre de l'autre puissance, s'il en est requis, doit de bonne frigates of either of the powers shall protect and support the merchantships of the other; provided nevertheless, that the ships claiming assistance are not engaged in any illicit commerce contrary to the principle of the neutrality. Regulations to transact business by citizens of one party in the dominions of the other. ARTICLE IV. It is agreed and concluded that all merchants, captains of merchantships or other subjects of His Swedish Majesty, shall have full liberty in all places under the dominion or jurisdiction of the United States of America, to manage their own affairs, and to employ in the management of them, whomsoever they please; and they shall not be obliged to make use of any interpreter or broker, nor to pay them any reward unless they make use of them. Moreover, the masters of ships shall not be obliged, in loading or unloading their vessels, to employ labourers appointed by public authority for that purpose; but they shall be at full liberty, themselves, to load or unload their vessels, or to employ in loading or unloading them whomsoever they think proper, without paying reward under the title of salary to any other person whatever; and they shall not be obliged to turn over any kind of merchandizes to other vessels, nor to receive them on board their own, nor to wait for their lading longer than they please; and all and every of the citizens, people and inhabitants of the United States of America shall reciprocally have and enjoy the same privileges and liberties in all places, under the jurisdiction of the said realm. No vessels to be searched un less in case of fraud. Regula tions in such case. ARTICLE V. It is agreed that when merchandizes shall have been put on board the ships or vessels of either of the contracting parties, they shall not be subjected to any examination; but all examination and search must be before lading, and the prohibited merchandizes must be stopped on the spot before they are embarked, unless there is full evidence or proof of fraudulent practice on the part of the owner of the ship, or of him who has the command of her; in which case, only he shall be responsible and subject to the laws of the country in which he may be. In all other cases, neither the subjects of either of the contracting parties, who shall be with their vessels in the ports of the other, nor their merchandizes, shall be seized or molested on account of contraband goods, which they shall have wanted to take on board, nor shall any kind of embargo be laid on their ships, subjects or citizens of the state whose merchandizes are declared contraband, or the exportation of which is forbidden; those only who shall have sold or intended to sell or alienate such merchandize, being liable to punishment for such contravention. Done at Paris, the third day of April, in the Year of our Lord one GUSTAV PHILIP Comte de Creutz. (L. s.) (L. S.) foi et sincerement leur prêter les secours dont ils pourront avoir besoin, et en tel cas les vaisseaux de guerre et fregates de l'une des puissances serviront de soutien et d'appui aux vaisseaux marchands de l'autre : bien entendu cependant, que les reclamans n'auroient fait aucun commerce illicite ni contraires aux principes de la neutralité. ARTICLE IV. Il est convenu et arrêté que tous les marchands, capitaines des navires marchands ou autres sujets de sa Majesté Suedoise, auront l'entiere liberté dans toutes les places de la domination ou jurisdiction des Etats Unis de l'Amerique, de conduire eux-mêmes leurs propres affaires, et d'employer qui il leur plaira pour les conduire, et qu'ils ne seront point obligés de se servir d'aucun interprete ou courtier, ni leur payer aucun honoraire à moins qu'ils ne s'en servent. En outre, les maitres des navires ne seront point obligés, chargeant ou dechargeant leurs navires, de se servir des ouvriers qui peuvent être établis pour cet effet par l'autorite publique; mais ils seront entierement libres de charger ou de decharger eux mêmes leurs vaisseaux et d'employer pour charger ou decharger ceux qu'ils croiront propres pour cet effet, sans payer aucuns honoraires à titre de salaire à aucune autre personne que ce soit, et ils ne pourront être forcés de verser aucune espece de marchandises dans d'autres vaisseaux ou de les recevoir à leur bord, et d'attendre pour être chargés, plus long tems qu'il ne leur plaira; et tous et un chacun des citoyens, peuples et habitans des Etats Unis de l'Amerique auront et jouiront reciproquement des mêmes privileges et libertés dans toutes les places de la jurisdiction du dit royaume. ARTICLE V. Il est convenu que lorsque les marchandises auront été chargées sur les vaisseaux ou bâtimens de l'une des deux parties contractantes, elles ne pourront plus être assujetties à aucune visite; toute visite et recherche devant être faite avant le chargement, et les marchandises prohibées devant être arrêtées sur la plage avant de pouvoir être embarquées, à moins qu'on ait des indices manifestes ou des preuves de versement frauduleux de la part du proprietaire du navire ou de celui qui en a le commandement. Dans ce cas seul, il en sera responsable et soumis aux loix du païs où il se trouve. Dans aucun autre cas, ni les sujets d'une des parties contractantes, se trouveront avec leurs navires dans les ports de l'autre, ni leurs marchandises, ne pourront être arrêtés ou molestés pour cause de contrebande, qu'ils auront voulu prendre à leur bord, ni aucune espece d'embargo mis sur leurs navires; les sujets ou citoyens de l'etat ou ses marchandises sont declarées de contrebande, ou dont la sortie est defendue, et qui néanmoins auront vendu ou voulu vendre et aliener les dites marchandises, devant être les seuls qui seront duement punis pour une pareille contravention. Fait à Paris le trois Avril, l'an de Grâce mil sept cent quartre vingt trois. Sept. 3, 1783. DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE Between the United States of America and his Britannic In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. Ir having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince GEORGE the Third, by the Grace of God King of Great-Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, &c. and of the UNITed States OF AMERICA, to forget all past misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to restore; and to establish such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse between the two countries, upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience, as may promote and (a) The decisions of the Courts of the United States in cases arising under the Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain of September 3, 1783, have been: The fifth article of the treaty of peace of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, concluding with this clause: "And it is agreed, that all persons who have any interest in confiscated lands, either by debts, marriage settlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights;" applies to those cases where an actual confiscation has taken place; and stipulates, that in such cases, the interest of all persons having a lien upon such lands shall be preserved. That clause of the treaty preserved the lien of a mortgagee of confiscated lands, which, at the time of the treaty, remained unsold. Higginson v. Mein, 4 Cranch, 415; 2 Cond. Rep. 155. The treaties with Great Britain, of 1783 and 1794, only provide for titles existing at the time those treaties were made, and not for titles subsequently acquired. Actual possession of property is not necessary to give the party the benefit of the treaty. Blight's Lessee v. Rochester, 7 Wheat. 535; 5 Cond. Rep. 335. Where J. D., an alien and British subject, came into the United States subsequent to the treaty of 1783, and, before the treaty of 1794 was signed, died seised of lands, it was held that the title of his heirs to the land was not protected by the treaty of 1794. Ibid. Thomas Scott, a native of South Carolina, died in 1782, intestate, seised of land on James Island, having two daughters, Ann and Sarah, both born in South Carolina before the declaration of independ ence. Sarah married D. P. a citizen of South Carolina, and died in 1802, entitled to one half of the estate. The British took possession of James Island and Charleston in February and May, 1780; and in 1781 Ann Scott married Joseph Shanks, a British officer; and at the evacuation of Charleston in 1782, she went to England with her husband, where she remained until her death in 1801. She left five children, born in England. They claimed the other moiety of the real estate of Thomas Scott, in right of their mother, under the ninth article of the treaty of peace between this country and Great Britain of the 19th of November, 1794. Held, that they were entitled to recover and hold the same. Shanks et al. v. Dupont et al. 3 Peters, 242. All British born subjects, whose allegiance Great Britain has never renounced, ought, upon general principles of interpretation, to be held within the intent, as they certainly are within the words, of the treaty of 1794. Ibid. 250. The treaty of 1783, acted upon the state of things as it existed at that period. It took the actual state of things as its basis. All those, whether natives or otherwise, who then adhered to the American states, were virtually absolved from all allegiance to the British crown; all those who then adhered to the British crown were deemed and held subjects of that crown. The treaty of peace was a treaty operating between states and the inhabitants thereof. Ibid. 274. The several states which compose this Union, so far at least as regarded their municipal regulations, became entitled, from the time when they declared themselves independent, to all the rights and powers of sovereign states; and did not derive them from concessions of the British king. The treaty of peace contains a recognition of the independence of these states, not a grant of it. The laws of the several state governments, passed after the declaration of independence, were the laws of sovereign states, and as such were obligatory upon the people of each state. M'Ilvaine v. Coxe's Lessee, 4 Cranch, 209; 2 Cond. Rep. 86. The property of British corporations, in this country, is protected by the sixth article of the treaty of peace of 1783, in the same manner as those of natural persons; and their title, thus protected, is confirmed by the ninth article of the treaty of 1794, so that it could not be forfeited by any intermediate legislative act, or other proceeding for the defect of alienage. The Society for Propagating the Gospel, &c. v. New Haven, 8 Wheat. 464; 5 Cond. Rep. 489. See also, post, p. 116, n. secure to both perpetual peace and harmony: And having for this desirable end, already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation, by the provisional articles, signed at Paris, on the thirtieth of November, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, by the commissioners empowered on each part, which articles were agreed to be inserted in, and to constitute the treaty of peace proposed to be concluded between the crown of Great-Britain and the said United States, but which treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great-Britain and France, and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly; and the treaty between Great-Britain and France, having since been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry into full effect the provisional articles abovementioned, according to the tenor thereof, have constituted and appointed, that is to say, His Britannic Majesty on his part, David Hartley, Esquire, Member of the Parliament of Great-Britain; and the said United States on their part, John Adams, Esquire, late a Commissioner of the United States of America at the Court of Versailles, late Delegate in Congress from the state of Massachusetts, and Chief Justice of the said state, and Minister Plenipotentiary of the said United States to their High Mightinesses the States General of the United Netherlands; Benjamin Franklin, Esquire, late Delegate in Congress from the state of Pennsylvania, President of the Convention of the said state, and Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America at the Court of Versailles; John Jay, Esquire, late President of Congress, and Chief Justice of the state of NewYork, and Minister Plenipotentiary from the said United States at the Court of Madrid, to be the Plenipotentiaries for the concluding and signing the present definitive treaty; who after having reciprocally communicated their respective full powers, have agreed upon and confirmed the following articles. ARTICLE I. United States to be indepen dent, His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz. New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode-Island and Providence acknowledged Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign and independent States; that he treats with them as such; and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof. ARTICLE II. Boundaries And that all disputes which might arise in future, on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States, may be prevented, it is hereby agreed established. and declared, that the following are, and shall be their boundaries, viz. From the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, viz. that angle which is formed by a line, drawn due north from the source of St. Croix river to the Highlands; along the said Highlands which divide those rivers, that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river, to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from thence, by a line due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy; thence along the middle of said river into lake Ontario, through the middle of said lake until it strikes the communication by water between that lake and lake Erie; thence along the middle of said communication into lake Erie, through the middle of said lake until it arrives at the water-communication between that lake and lake Huron; thence along the middle of said water-communication into the lake Huron; thence through the middle of said lake to the water-communication between that lake and lake Superior; thence through lake Superior northward of the isles Royal |