Thus, I am the Lord who create light and form darkness; thou art the friend that was wanted.

10. If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative shall be the nominative to the vern, as, the Master who teaches.

11. But if a nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed in the objective case by a verb or preposition, or in the possessive case by a noun, belonging to the same clause, as, God whom we worship, by whom all things were made, by whose gift we live, is gracious as he is powerful.

in case.

12. Nouns in apposition, signifying the same thing, agree When the verb to be, or a passive verb of naming, intervenes between two nouns signifying the same thing, this intervention is not held as a bar to apposition. As, Cicero the orator, we are friends, you believed it to have been him, they were called Apostles.

13. Of two nouns in apposition signifying differently, the latter governs the former in the possessive case. If there be several possessives signifying the same thing, in apposition, the sign of the possessive is omitted in all but the last; as, my Father's house; the children's bread; I left the bill at Smith the Banker's, or at Smith, Paine, and Smith, the Bankers'. In this last example, the noun house, bank, or office is understood.

14. The following definitives a, one, that, this, each, every, either, enough, much, infinite, universal, are applied to nouns only of the singular number; and two, three, &c. those, these, all, both, enow, many, few, several, only to nouns plural.

15. Many Adjectives are followed by appropriate prepositions, amongst which the prepositions of, to, for, from, with, in, most frequently occur.

Adjectives denoting partition, consciousness, desire, guilt, fulness, and want, are often followed by of. As, both of them; conscious of innocence; desirous of praise; guilty of falsehood; full of sores; destitute of means.

Adjectives denoting expediency, similitude, or the contrary, are generally followed by the prepositions to or for; but the preposition to is often understood; as, advantageous to the country, like (to) his Father.

Adjectives signifying difference, freedom, distance, or the like, are often followed by from, as, different from all others; free from errors; distant from London.

16. The comparative degree, (which is commonly supposed to imply duality) is usually followed by the preposition of, or the conjunction than; as, the taller of the two; greater than I. 17. The superlative degree (which commonly implies the

comparison of three or more objects) is usually followed by the prepositions of, amongst, or in; as, Socrates, the wisest of the Athenians, or amongst the Athenians, or in Athens.

18. Adjectives signifying dimension, price, or duration, and also neuter verbs of like import, govern the objective case; as, twenty feet long; worth five shillings; absent six weeks; he staid four months.

19. Active, and compound active, verbs govern the objective case; as, fear God; reverence your Parents; he laughs at danger. Some Neuter verbs are also followed by nouns in the objective case of like import to themselves; as, to run a race; to dream a dream.

20. The passives of verbs of asking and teaching, giving, declaring, and the like, do sometimes govern the objective case; as, you are asked a question; I am taught Grammar; he is allowed a premium; they were given to understand.

21. Many Active and Neuter verbs are followed by appropriate prepositions, the chief of which are of, to, for, from, with, by; but to is often understood.

Verbs of accusing and acquitting (besides governing the objective case) are followed by of. As, he accuses me of theft; they acquit him of manslaughter.

Verbs of declaring, giving, promising, refusing, and the like, (besides an objective) are followed by the preposition to expressed or understood. As, I declare to you the whole mystery; he gave consent to the proposal; they promised (to) him a reward.

Some Verbs, when followed by peculiar prepositions form distinct idioms; as, to labour under; to be sorry for; to be glad of; to be angry with a person; to be angry at a thing.

22. The subjunctive mood is commonly preceded in, or governed by the conjunctions if, that, though, unless, &c.; but the indicative form of the verb is often used instead of the subjunctive.

23. One verb governs another in the Infinitive. Particip'es, Adjectives, and Nouns, may also govern the Infinitive, As, I rejoice to learn, desiring to know, desirous to know, a desire

to know.

The sign to of the infinitive is omitted after bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, must, need, see.

24. Active Participles (whether used as Adjectives or Substantives, but denoting time,) govern the objective case; as, a man wanting guile; seeking sin is seeking shame.

25. A Substantive with a Participle, whose case depends on no other word, is put in the nominative absolute. Infinitives, adverbs, adverbial and other phrases, are also sometimes put absolutely. As, he being wounded; as to that matter; to conclude; finally; in general.

26. Adverbs are joined to Verbs, Participles, Adjectives, and other Adverbs. They are sometimes joined to nouns, take in the sense of adjectives. As, he reads well, a diamond finely set, a truly virtuous man, soon enough, only a child, that is only very young.

The Adverb is usually placed before Adjectives and Participles, between auxiliaries and the principal verb, and after the simple tenses of verbs.

27. Adverbs of motion are joined to verbs of motion, and adverbs of rest to verbs of rest, as come hither, stay there.

28. Two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative, as he does not write badly, that is, he writes tolerably well. He never says, no; that is, he always says, yes.

29. Prepositions govern the objective case, as from us, with them.

The Preposition with is sometimes used as a conjunction, as he with his attendants enter the apartment.

30. The Preposition of before a noun may always supply the place of the possessive or genitive case. Thus the examples to Rule 13, may be changed into the house of my Father, the bread of the children, I left the bill at the house of Smith, Paine, and Smith, Bankers.

31. Conjunctions, in connecting sentences, couple together like parts of speech, like moods, and like cases, as he spoke firmly and prudently, it was lost and is found, you and I are blamed.

The Conjunction than before whom is construed as a prepo

sition.

32. Interjections govern the nominative case, as, O thou hypocrite! Well done I! except in the phrase Ah me!

33. Derivatives are sometimes construed like their primitives, as faithfulness to his promises, contentment with our lot.

34. The words governing are generally set before the words governed, and words agreeing with or limiting the signification of other words, should stand as near as possible to the words agreed with, or whose signification is limited.

CONSTRUCTION OF ARTICLES.

RULES.

1. THE Indefinite Article is set before nouns of the singular number only, a being used before words beginning with a consonant, or with u long, and before the numeral one; and an before words beginning with a vowel, or h

mute.

2. The Indefinite Article may be joined with the plurals few, many, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, myriad, million, as it is with the collectives brace, couple, leash, &c.

3. The Indefinite Article sometimes conveys a peculiar meaning to the phrase of which it forms a part; as he behaved with a little respect, he behaved with little respect; he has a few friends; he has few friends; he is a better warrior than scholar; he is a better warrior than a scholar.

4. An ellipsis of the Indefinite Article is not allowed when the succeeding nouns or adjectives of the series do not all begin either with a vowel only, or else with a consonant only.

5. The Indefinite Article is sometimes placed between the adjective and

noun.

6. The Definite Article is set before nouns of either the singular or plural number, and beginning either with a vowel or consonant. It is consequently more elliptical than the indefinite article.

7. The Definite Article is sometimes used instead of a Possessive Pronoun, as he looks kim full in the face, that is, in his face.

8. The Definite Article sometimes marks degrees of comparison more strongly, as the more you study, the wiser you will become.

9. Articles are sometimes used indiscriminately, as three shillings a pound, or three shillings the pound.

10. No Article is used before Proper Names, nouns taken in their widest sense, and pronouns, except one and other, same and which. Also singulars which have no plural do not admit of having the indefinite article before them.

11. Articles sometimes convert Proper into Common, and Common into Proper Names; as the king, the milkman, the wheel, a Hercules, a Newton.

12. Articles sometimes convert Adjectives, and Participles, into Nouns; Possessive Pronouns, and nouns in the Possessive Case, have the same effect.

13. Articles generally go before Adjectives.

14. The repetition of the Article sometimes adds force and perspicuity to language; but on most occasions the article is not repeated.