AL/LEINE, or ALLEIN, RICHARD (161181). An English writer and theologian, author of Vindicia Pietatis, or A Vindication of Godliness (London, 1663). He was born at Ditcheat, Somersetshire, educated at Oxford; became assistant in the ministry to his father, Richard Alleine, and was noted for his eloquence. He declared for the Puritans, but continued for twenty years (1641-62) rector of Batcombe in Somerset. On the passage of the act of uniformity he went with the ejected, and, after the five-mile act, preached where he could find occasion. His Vindication of Godliness was refused license, and Roger Norton, the King's printer, caused a large part of the first edition to be seized and sent to the royal kitchen for kindling; but, on reading it, he brought back the sheets and sold the work from his own shop, for which he had to beg pardon on his knees at the council table. Alleine died at Frome Selwood, December 22, 1681.

ALLEMAINE, ǎl-man'. An old name for Germany (cf. Fr. Allemagne). See ALEMANNI.

ALLEMANDE, ǎl'lé-månd' (Fr., feminine of allemand, German). A French dance, said to have been invented in the time of Louis XIV., which again became popular at the Parisian theatres during the reign of Napoleon I. It has a slow waltz kind of tempo, and consists of three steps (pas marchés) made in a sliding manner, backward and forward, but seldom waltzing or turning round. The whole charm of the dance lies in the graceful manner of entwining and detaching the arms in the different steps. In England it was called Almain, and is mentioned in Ben Jonson's play, The Devil is an Ass, acted in 1610, which proves it of earlier origin. The name has also reference to a German dance of Swabia, of which Beethoven's twelve Deutsche Tänze for orchestra are specimens. The Allemande is also the name of a movement in the Suite (q.v.), having no relation to the dance of the same name. It usually consists of a figurative melody which has a simple accompaniment.

AL'LEMAN'NI. See ALEMANNI.

AL'LEN. ALEXANDER VIETS GRISWOLD, D.D. (1841-). A Protestant Episcopal theologian, born at Otis, Mass. He graduated at Kenyon College in 1862, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1865. In 1867 he became professor of church history in the Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge, Mass. His publications include Continuity of Christian Thought (Boston, 1884, eleventh edition, 1895), Life of Jonathan Edwards (1889), Religious Progress (1894), Christian Institutions (New York, (1897), Life and Letters of Phillips Brooks (1901, two volumes).

ALLEN, ARABELLA. A character in Dick ens's Pickwick Papers. She becomes Mrs. Nathaniel Winkle.

at

in London, where he died. Among his scientific books the following may be mentioned: Physiological Esthetics (1877), probably his best work; The Color Sense (1879), The Evolutionist Large (1881), Vignettes from Nature (1881), Colin Clout's Calendar (1883), Flowers and their Pedigrees (1884), The Story of the Plants (1895), and Evolution of the Idea of God (1897). He also wrote a life of Charles Darwin (1885), and a number of novels, among them: Philistia (1884), The Devil's Die (1888), The Woman Who Did (1895), A Bride from the Desert (1896). Historical studies also attracted him, and he published Anglo-Saxon Britain (1881), and a series of historical guide books to Paris, Florence, and Belgium.

ALLEN, CHARLES HERBERT (1848-). An American politician. He was born at Lowell, Mass., graduated in 1869 at Amherst College, and for a time was in the lumber industry at Lowell. In 1881-82 he served in the Lower House of the Massachusetts State Legislature, and in 1883 in the State Senate. He was subsequently elected to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth (1885-89) In 1898 he succeeded Theodore Congresses. Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and in 1900-2 was the first civil governor of Puerto Rico. In 1902 he retired from public life and became associated with banking and insurance interests in New York City.

ALLEN, DAVID OLIVER (1800-63). An American missionary, born at Barre, Mass. He grad uated in 1823 at Amherst College, studied at Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1827 went to Bombay as a missionary. He traveled widely in western India, established schools, directed a new translation of the Bible into Mahratta, and in 1853 returned, much broken in health, to America. His History of India was published at Boston in 1856.

ALLEN, EBENEZER (1743-1806). An Ameri can soldier. He was born in Northampton, Mass., and removed to Vermont in 1771. He became a lieutenant in a company of Green Mountain Boys, and during the Revolution served first as captain in and then as major of a battalion of New Hampshire rangers. He was conspicuous for gallantry at the battle of Bennington, and in September, 1777, forced the evacuation of Ticonderoga by his capture of Mount De

fiance.

ALLEN, EDWARD PATRICK (1853). A Roman Catholic bishop of Mobile, Ala., appointed in 1897. He was born at Lowell, Mass., and after completing a theological course at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Md., was ordained a priest in 1881. Afterward he held a professorship at Mount St. Mary's, and was its president from 1884 until he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal Gibbons. During his administration he relieved the college of its heavy indebtedness, increased its equipment, and enlarged its faculty.

ALLEN, ELISHA HUNT (1804-83). An Amer. ican politician and Hawaiian justice, born at New Salem, Mass. He graduated at Williams College, was called to the Massachusetts bar, and was a member of the State Legislature of Maine from 1836 to 1841, and in 1846. In 1849 he was elected to the Massachusetts Legislature, and from 1852 to 1856 was United States consul

ALLEN.

at Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1857-76 he was Chancellor and Chief Justice of the Hawaiian Islands, and from that time was Minister of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.

ALLEN, ELIZABETH AKERS (1832-). An American author, born at Strong, Me. Her verses, entitled "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," became widely known, and were frequently set to music. Mrs. Allen began to write under the pen name Florence Percy. Among her works, which include both prose and poetry, are Poems (18668-9); Queen Catharine's Rose (1885); The Silver Bridge (1885); Two Saints (1888); The Proud Lady of Stavoren (1897); The Ballad of the Bronx (1901), and The Sunset Song (1903).

ALLEN, ETHAN (1737-89). An American soldier. He was born at Litchfield, Conn., and about 1769 removed to Vermont, settling first at Bennington, where he became conspicuous in the contest between New Hampshire and New York for jurisdiction over the "New Hampshire Grants," now Vermont. He represented his fellow settlers in a suit at Albany in 1771, but their claims being disregarded, he organized a force of Green Mountain Boys for the eviction of New York settlers. Governor Tryon, of New York, thereupon declared him an outlaw, and offered £150 for his arrest. At the outbreak of the Revolution, Allen and his associates offered their services to the patriot party, and organized an expedition against Ticonderoga (q.v.). On the morning of May 10, 1775, he surprised the garrison and forced its commander to surrender "in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." Allen soon afterward joined General Schuyler's army, was employed in secret missions to Canada, and rendered valuable aid in Montgomery's expedition. He was taken prisoner, September 25, 1775, near Montreal, and was sent to England. Some months later he was sent back to this country and was kept as a prisoner in Halifax and New York until May 3, 1778, when he was exchanged. After his release, he returned to Vermont, was put in command of the militia, and soon afterward became a lieutenant-colonel in the Continental army; though he devoted his attention chiefly to the old territorial dispute, and, incidentally, carried on a correspondence with the enemy, upon which a charge of treason was subsequently based. No satisfactory explanation has ever been given of his conduct, but the charge of treason is at least not fully substantiated. He moved to Burlington in 1787, and died there two years later. Though a blusterer, he was as full of action as he was of talk, and had very great ability as a leader both in politics and in war. He wrote a Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity (1779), which went into numerous editions; a Vindication of the Opposition of Vermont to the Government of New York (1779), and Reason the Only Oracle of Man, or A Compendious System of Natural Religion. Consult Henry Hall, Ethan Allen (New York,

1892).

ALLEN, FREDERIC DE FOREST (1844-97). An American classical scholar. He was born at Oberlin, Ohio, and graduated at Oberlin College in 1863. He was at Leipzig in 1868-70, and took his Ph.D. with his thesis De Dialecto Locrensium, which is still an important monograph. In 1885-86 he was director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. In ad

ALLEN.

dition to numerous articles in classical journals he published an edition of the Medea of Euripides (1876); Remnants of Early Latin (1880); a revision of Hadley's Greek Grammar (1884), and Greek Versification in Inscriptions (1888).

ALLEN, FRED HOVEY (1845-). An American Congregational clergyman and author. Born at Lyme, N. H. He graduated at the Hartford Theological Seminary, studied at Boston University and the Universities of Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, and held pastorates in Boston, Wollaston, Abington, and Rockland. He founded and for some time edited the Lawrence (Mass.) Eagle, but is best known as the inventor of the first photogravure plates for art reproduction made in America. His writings include Masterpieces of Modern German Art (1884), Recent German Art (1885), and Grand Modern Paintings (1888). ALLEN, GRANT. See ALLEN, CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIE.

ALLEN, HARRISON (1841-97). An American physician and anatomist. He was born in Philadelphia, and graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1861. In 1862 he became a surgeon in the United States army, and served until the conclusion of the Civil War. In 1865 he was made professor of comparative anatomy and medical zoology at the University of Pennsylvania, and was transferred in 1878 to the chair of physiology, which he occupied until 1895. Dr. Allen was professor of anatomy and surgery at the Philadelphia Dental College, and surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital. He was president of the American Laryngological Society in 1886 and of the American Anatomical Society from 1891 to 1893. In addition to many papers contributed to medical journals, he was the author of Outlines of Comparative Anatomy and Medical Zoology (1867), Studies in the Facial Region (1874), An Analysis of the Life Form in Art (1875), and System of Human Anatomy (1880).

ALLEN, HENRY (1748-84). An American religious enthusiast. He was born at Newport, R. I., but afterward settled in Nova Scotia, where he taught that the souls of all men are emanations from the same Spirit; that they were present with our first parents in Eden; that Adam and Eve in innocency were pure spirits without material bodies; that there will be no resurrection of the body; that men are not bound to obey the ordinances of the Gospel, and that the Scriptures are not to be interpreted literally, but in a spiritual sense. He published a volume of hymns and several treatises and sermons. Though he made many converts to his religious ideas, the Allenites dwindled after his death.

ALLEN, HENRY WATKINS (1820-66). An American soldier and politician. He was born in Prince Edward Co., Va.; taught school and practiced law. In 1842 he raised a company, and served in the Texan war against Mexico. He removed to Louisiana in 1850, and was subse

quently a member of the State Legislature. After studying law at Harvard and traveling in Europe, he entered the Confederate service in 1861 as lieutenant-colonel. He was wounded at Baton Rouge and at Shiloh, became a brigadiergeneral in 1864, and in the same year was elected Governor of Louisiana, in which capacity he rendered valuable services to the Confederate government. After the war he removed to the City of Mexico, and edited the Mexican Times.

He wrote a readable book entitled Travels of a Sugar Planter.

ALLEN, HORACE NEWTON (1858-). United States minister in Korea. He was born in Delaware, O., graduated in the Ohio Wesleyan University, studied medicine, and went as medical missionary (Presbyterian) to China. In 1884, at the time of the coup d'état of Kim Ok Kiun, he was at Seoul, Korea, and saved the life of a relative of Queen Ming. He was made court physician, and established a hospital under government control. When the first Korean legation went to Washington in 1888, he acted as interpreter and secretary. Returning to Korea in 1890, he soon became noted for his knowledge of Korean affairs, and in 1901 was made United States minister plenipotentiary to the Korean Empire. Publications: Korean Tales (1889); A Chronological Index of the Foreign Relations of Korea from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the 20th Century (1900); Supplement, (1903); Fact and Fancy (1904).

ALLEN, HORATIO, LL.D. (1802-89). An American civil engineer. He was born at Schenectady, N. Y., graduated in 1823 at Columbia, and in 1826 was appointed resident engineer of the summit level of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. He was sent to England in 1828 to buy locomotives for the canal company's projected railway, and in 1829, at Honesdale, Pa., the initial point of the railway, operated the "Stourbridge Lion" in the first trip made by a locomotive on this continent. From 1829 to 1834 he was the chief engineer of the South Carolina Railway, at that time the longest railway in the world, and from 1838 to 1842 was principal assistant engineer of the Croton aqueduct for supplying water to New York City. He was at various times chief engineer and president of the Erie Railway, and consulting engineer for the Panama Railway and the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1872 and 1873 he was president of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He was the inventor of the so-called "swiveling truck" for railway cars.

ALLEN, IRA (1751-1814). One of the founders of Vermont. He was born in Cornwall, Conn., and in 1772 removed to Vermont, where he served as a lieutenant under his brother, Ethan, and took an active part in the boundary dispute between New York and New Hampshire. He was a member of the Vermont Legislature (1776-77), and of the State Constitutional Convention (1778), and in 1780-81 was a commissioner to Congress. He went to France in 1795 and bought 20,000 muskets and 24 cannon, intending to sell them to Vermont; but he was captured at sea, and taken to England on a charge of furnishing arms to Irish rebels. was acquitted after a lawsuit that lasted eight years. He published The Natural and Political History of Vermont (London, 1798), and Statements Appended to the Olive Branch (1807).

He

ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1849-). An American novelist, born in Lexington, Ky. He graduated at Transylvania University and taught first in Kentucky University, and afterward at Bethany College, West Virginia, but after 1886 devoted himself entirely to literature, publishing successively Flute and Violin (1891), The Blue Grass Region, and Other Sketches (1892), John Gray: a Novel (1893), The Kentucky Cardinal (1894), Aftermath (1895), A Summer in Arcady (1896), The Choir Invisible (a rewriting of John

Gray, 1897), The Reign of Law (1900), and The Mettle of the Pasture (1903). His stories deal mainly with life and nature in Kentucky, and are elaborate in stylistic art. His short stories, such as The White Cowl and Sister Dolorosa, were the first, and are among the best fruits of his genius. His later works, however, show more conscious artistic elaboration.

ALLEN, JEROME (1830-94). An American educator. He was born at Westminster West, Vt., and graduated at Amherst College in 1851. He was at the head of several educational institutions in the West from 1851 to 1885, and professor of pedagogy at the University of New York from 1887 to 1893. To his efforts more than to any other agency was due the founding of the New York School of Pedagogy, of which he became dean in 1889. Professor Allen's publications include a Handbook of Experimental Chemistry, Methods for Teachers in Grammar, Mind Studies for Young Teachers, and Temperament in Education.

ALLEN, JOEL ASAPH (1838-). An American naturalist. He was born at Springfield, Mass., July 19, 1838. Between 1865 and 1869, and again in 1873, he took part in various scientific expeditions to Brazil and Florida, and to the Rocky Mountains, gathering material and contributing studies of it to scientific periodicals, especially the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1870 he became an assistant in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, and later its curator of birds and mammals. In 1886 he was appointed to a similar office in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. He was one of the founders and early presidents of the American Ornithologists' Union and the editor of its quarterly publication, The Auk, and one of the early members of the National Academy. Dr. Allen has won rank as one of the foremost systemists of American mammals and birds, in which work he has made minute subdivisions; and has made fruitful researches into the principles of geographical distribution, and those governing climatic and seasonal variation in In addition to a color, size, and other details. great number of scientific papers, he is author of The American Bisons (Cambridge, 1876): Monographs of North American Rodentia (with E. Coues) (Washington, 1877); and History of North American Pinnipedia (Washington, 1880).

ALLEN, JOSEPH HENRY (1820-98). A Unitarian scholar. He was born at Northborough, Mass., August 21, 1820; graduated at Harvard College, 1840, and at the Divinity School in 1843. He was pastor at different places; editor of The Christian Examiner, 1857-69; lecturer upon ecclesiastical history in Harvard University, 1878-82; joint editor (with J. B. Greenough) of a series of classical text-books; author of Hebrew Men and Times [to the Christian era] (Boston, 1861); Christian History in its Three Great Periods. (1) Early Christianity, (2) The Middle Age, (3) Modern Phases (188283, 3 volumes); Our Liberal Movement in Theology, Chiefly as Shown in Recollections of the History of Unitarianism in New England (1882), Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Movement since the Reformation (New York, 1894). His works show independent study and acquaintance with the sources, and his denominational histories rest upon personal acquain

ALLEN, KARL FERDINAND (1811-71). Ꭺ Danish historian, born at Copenhagen. He studied at the university there, and in 1845 to 1848 made examinations of various European archives. He was appointed an instructor and titular professor at Copenhagen in 1851, and professor of history and northern archæology in 1862. His principal work is his De Tre Nordiske Rigers Historie, 1497-1536 (The History of the Three Northern Kingdoms, 1497-1536, 5 volumes, 1864-72), one of the most important contributions to the history of northern Europe. ALLEN, RALPH (1694-1764). An English philanthropist. He was known for his numerous benefactions, and as a friend of Fielding (who represents him as Squire Allworthy in Tom Jones), of Pitt, and of Pope, who in the epilogue to the Satires of Horace, says of him:

"Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame,

Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame." ALLEN, RICHARD (1760-1831). A colored Methodist preacher. He was born in slavery, but bought his freedom, and afterward acquired considerable wealth. He became a local Methodist preacher in 1782, and organized the first church for colored people in the United States, in Philadelphia, in 1793. He was the first colored minister ordained by Bishop Asbury, a deacon (1799), and was elected a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church on its formation in 1816. He died in Philadelphia.

ers and Under the Red Robe. After her seasons in The Christian, she starred with In the Palace of the King (1900), by F. Marion Crawford and Lorimer Stoddard. Consult: L. C.

Strang, Famous Actresses of the Day in America (Boston, 1899); J. B. Clapp and E. F. Edgett, Players of the Present (New York, 1899).

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-94). An English cardinal. Born at Rossall, he studied in Oriel College, Oxford, and became principal of St. Mary's Hall in 1556. He opposed the Reformation, and after Elizabeth's accession he went to Louvain (1561). He returned to England (1562), but his proselytizing zeal made another flight necessary, and he went to Holland (1565), and never revisited England. He was ordained priest at Mechlin, was more prominent in or ganizing in the University of Douai (1568) a college for English Roman Catholics, whence he sent Jesuit priests to his native land, the aim of his life being to restore Papal supremacy in England. In 1570 he became regius professor of divinity, in 1587 a cardinal, in 1589 he was offered the archbishopric of Malines, but declined the honor. He died at Rome, October 16, 1594. Consult his Letters and Memorials, with introduction by T. F. Knox (London, 1882). He made vigorous efforts to check the progress of the Protestant Reformation in England and engaged in polemical writing. Several violent libels of the time are attributed to his pen, but his authorship of these has been disputed. Among the Jesuit priests he sent to England was the celebrated Father Campion, put to death by Elizabeth. He published ten volumes, among them Certain Brief Reasons Concerning Catholic Faith (1564), and aided in revising the English translation of the Bible known as the Douai Bible.

ALLEN, THOMAS (1849-). An American landscape and animal painter. He was born at St. Louis, Mo., studied at the Düsseldorf Academy, and has his studio in Boston. He became a member of the Society of American Artists (1880), and an associate member of the National Academy of Design (1884), and was one of the international board of judges at Chicago in 1893. His most successful works are chiefly landscape and animal subjects, and include "O'er All the Hilltops is Rest," "Maplehurst at Noon," and "Toilers of the Plain."

ALLEN, VIOLA (1867—). An American actress who in 1898 made a wide reputation as Glory Quayle in Hall Caine's dramatized novel, The Christian, in which she starred with great popular success. She is the daughter of an actor, C. Leslie Allen, and appeared on the stage when fifteen years old, in Esmeralda, at the Madison Square Theatre, New York (1882). Later she played in the company of John McCullough and with Tommaso Salvini, Lawrence Barrett, Joseph Jefferson, and W. J. Florence. In 1893, she was at the Empire Theatre, New York, where she remained four years. Among the pieces in

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1770-1843). An English philanthropist. He was lecturer on chemistry in Guy's Hospital, fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the founders of the Pharmaceutical So

the chemical composition of carbonic acid. He belonged to Sir Humphry Davy's circle of friends, and at his request he lectured on physics at the Royal Institution. He was a prominent member of the Society of Friends, and bore an active part in the philanthropic movements of his time. Wilberforce and Clarkson were his intimate friends, and he shared in the anti-slavery agitation. He was an active supporter of Lancaster and Bell in their educational movement, championing their side of the controversy in his journal, The Philanthropist ; and he was associated with Robert Owen in his schemes for social improvement. He also founded industrial schools, and advocated the abolition of capital punishment. He contributed papers to the Philosophical Transactions. Consult Life of William Allen, with Selections from His Correspondence (2 volumes, 1847).

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1784-1868). An American educator and author. He was born at Pittsfield, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1802, and after a few years spent in pastoral work became assistant librarian at Harvard. There he prepared his American Biographical and Historical Dictionary (1809), the first work of general biography published in the United States. The third edition (1857) has notices of nearly 7000 Americans, while the first has only 700. In 1810,

he became his father's successor in the pulpit in Pittsfield. In 1817 he was elected president of Dartmouth College, and from 1820 to 1830 he was president of Bowdoin College. Allen's memoir was published in 1847.

An American

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1806-79). statesman. He was born in North Carolina, but at an early age went to Ohio, where he practiced law. He was elected to Congress in 1832 by the Democrats, but was defeated on a second trial. He was twice elected to the United States Senate,

and served from 1837 to 1849. In 1848 he was offered the nomination for President, but declined it on the ground that he was pledged to General Lewis Cass. In 1873 he was elected Governor of Ohio. Two years afterward he was a candidate for reëlection, but as he made his canvas on the greenback issue, of which cause he had become the foremost advocate, he was defeated by R. B. Hayes. He is said to be the author of the famous alliterative slogan of the campaign of 1844, "Fifty-four forty, or fight."

ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (1830-89). An American educator and historian, joint editor of Allen and Greenough's series of school books. He was born at Northborough, Mass., and graduated at Harvard in 1851. He studied history and antiquities in Germany and Italy for two years, and afterward became professor of Latin and Roman history at the University of Wisconsin, a position which he filled from 1867 until his death. In addition to his text books, he published many works of standard merit, including Outline Studies in the History of Ireland (1887).

ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY (1784-1813). An American naval officer. He was born in Providence, R. I., and entered the navy in 1800. He was a lieutenant on the frigate United States in the action with the Macedonian, October 25, 1812, in which the latter was captured. Afterward he commanded the brig Argus, cruising off England in 1813. After having captured $2,000,000 worth of property, he encountered the British brig Pel ican, August 14, and lost his own vessel, and died the next day of wounds received in the fight.

ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY, LL.D. (1808-82). An American educator. He was born at Manchester, Me., and graduated at Bowdoin College in 1833. He was profesor of Latin and Greek at Cazenovia (N. Y.) Seminary from 1833 to 1836; of natural philosophy and chemistry in Dickinson College, 1836-46; of philosophy and English literature there from 1846 to 1849; president of Girard College, Philadelphia, 1849-62 and 186782. In 1872 he was chosen president of the American Bible Society.

ALLEN, ZACHARIAH (1795-1882). An American scientist and inventor. He was born in Providence, R. I., graduated at Brown University in 1913, studied law in the office of James Burrill, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. Subsequently he became a manufacturer, and in 1825 visited Europe for the study of mechanical methods in England, Holland, and France. He constructed (1821) the first hot-air furnace for the heating of dwelling-houses, was the first to calculate the motive power of Niagara Falls (Silliman's Journal, April, 1844), devised the system of mutual insurance of mill property, and framed new laws for regulating the sale of explosive oils. In 1833 he patented his best-known invention, the automatic cut-off valve for steam engines, still in use with improvements. He was from

1822 a member, and from 1880 president, of the Rhode Island Historical Society. His publications include The Science of Mechanics (1829). Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature (1851), The Rhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians, and of Establishing Civil and Religious Liberty (1876; address at the bi-centennial anniversary of the burning of Providence), and Solar Light and Heat, the Source and Supply (1879). Consult Perry, Memorial of Zachariah Allen, 1795-1882 (Cambridge, 1883).

ALLENDE, â-yân'då, or SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE. An historic city in the eastern part of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, situated on the Lara River, 40 miles north of Celaya (Map: Mexico, H 3). It figured prominently in the first period of the revolution against Spain, taking its modern name from one of the great patriot leaders, Ignacio de Allende. The principal industries are blanket-making and the manufacture of horse equipments. Pop., 1900, 10,547. AL'LENITES. See ALLEN, HENRY.

ALLENSTEIN, äl'lĕn-stin. A town of East Prussia, capital of the circle of Allenstein, situated about 32 miles from the Russian frontier, on the river Alle (Map: Prussia, J 2). It is a well-built and neat-looking town, with several churches, a gymnasium, and an agricultural school, a hospital, gas works, and a number of markets; of industrial establishments it has saw mills, machine shops, breweries, and a match factory. Pop., 1900, 24,307; 1905, 27,422.

AL'LENTOWN. A city and the county seat of Lehigh County, Pa., 50 miles (direct) north by west of Philadelphia, on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley, Central of New Jersey, and Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). The city is one of the largest producers of furniture in the United States, is second to Paterson in the production of American silks, and has extensive manufactures of iron and steel, cement, cigars, and thread. The city owns and operates its water-works. It is the seat of Muhlenberg College (Lutheran), established 1867, and of the Allentown College for Women, and has a fine hospital. Allentown was laid out about 1752 by William Allen, then Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and was known by its present name until, in 1811, it became the seat of justice of Lehigh County, and was incorporated as the borough of Northampton. In 1838 its first name was restored, and in 1867 Allentown was incorporated by special charter. Under the charter of 1889, now in operation, the mayor is elected for three years, and the city council is composed of two bodies, an upper house of 11 members and a lower house of 22. The annual income of the city amounts to about $450,000; expenditures to $360.000, of which $105,000 is spent in construction and other capital outlay, and $255,000 in maintenance and operation. The principal items of expense are $10,000 for the police, $15,000 for the fire department, and $95,000 for schools. Pop., 1890, 25.228; 1900. 35,416; 1903 (est.), 38,573. See Matthews and Hungerford, History of the Counties of Lehigh and Carbon (Philadelphia, 1884).

ALLEP'PI, or ALLAPPALI. A seaport on the western coast of the native State of Travancore, in the southern part of Madras, British India (Map: India, C 7). It has a sheltered roadstead, and carries on a considerable trade in coffee, pepper, and cardamoms. By means of