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(1) By appointment of governor, as in Ohio:

Ala. A 6, S 158; Ariz. A 6, S 3 & 5; Cal. A 6, S 3; Ga. A 6, S 3, Par. 3
(amdt. 1898); Kan. A 3, S 11; Me. A 6, S 7; Md. A 4, S 5; Mich. A 7,
S 20; Minn. A 6, S 10; Miss. A 151; Mont. justices of Supreme and
District Courts, A 8, S 34; Neb. A 6, S 21; N. C. A 4, S 25; N. Dak. A 4,.
S 98; Okla. A 7, S 3; Pa. A 5, S 25; Tex. A 5, S 2 & 4 (amdt. 1891);
Wash. A 4, S 3 & 5; Wis. A 7, S 9; Wyo. A 5, S 4.

(2) By special election except when unexpired term does not ex-
ceed a given time, in which case the governor appoints:

Ark. A 7, S 50; Colo. A 6, S 29; 111. A 6, S 32; N. Y. A 6, S 8; Ore. A 7,
S 4; S. C. A 5, S 11; W. Va. A 8, S 7 & 10.

(3) By appointment of the court:

La. A 86 (amdt. 1904) (vacancies filled by court until ensuing Congressional election).

VIII. REMOVAL OF JUDGES.

OHIO A 4, S 17. Judges may be removed from office, by 1.
concurrent resolutions of both houses of the General Assem-
bly, if two-thirds of the members, elected to each house, con-
cur therein; but no such removal shall be made, except upon
complaint, the substance of which shall be entered on the jour-
nal, nor, until the party charged shall have had notice thereof,
and an opportunity to be heard.

(1) By concurrent action of both houses of the General Assembly
as in the Ohio constitution:

Cal. A 6, S 10; Ill. A 6, S 30; Kan. A 3, S 15; Md. A 4, S 4; Mo. A 5,
S 41; N. C. A 4, S 31; N. Y., in the case of the Supreme Court and
Court of Appeals, A 6, S 13; R. I. A 10, S 4; Tenn. A 6, S 6; Utah A 8,
Va. A 6, S 104; Wash. A 4, S 9; W. Va. A 8, S 17; Wis. A 7, S 13.
(2) By impeachment in the following states:

S 11;

Ala. A 7, S 173 (in case of Supreme Court); Ariz. A 8, Par. 2, S 2; Ark. A 15, S 1; Colo. A 13, S 2; Conn. (amdt.) A 12; Fla. A 3, S 29; La. A 217; Md. A 4, S 4; Minn. A 13, S 1; Mo. A 7, S 1; Mont. A 5, S 17; Nev. A 7, S 2; N. J. A 6, S 3; N. Y. A 6, S 13; Okla. A 8, S 1; Pa. A 5, S 15; S. C. A 15, S 3; S. Dak. A 16, S 3; Tenn. A 5, S 4; Tex. A 4, S 2; Utah A 6, S 19; Wash. A 4, S 2 (except judges of courts not of record); Wyo. A 3, S 18.

(3) By the governor upon address of the Assembly, two-thirds of all the members elected to each house concurring:

Conn. A 10 (amdt.); Ky. S 112 & 129; Mich. A 9, S 6; Miss. A 4, S 53; N. H. A 72 (simple majority only); Ore. A 7, S 20; Pa. A 5, S 15 (excepting the Supreme Court).

(4) By the Senate on recommendation of the governor:

Cal. A 6, S 10, in the case of judicial officers below the Supreme Court, except justices of the peace.

(5) By the Supreme Court in case of judges of inferior courts: Ind. A 7, S 12; Tex. A 15, S 6.

Method of removal.

N. Y. A 6, S 13, in the case of judicial officers below the Supreme Court, except justices of the peace.

(6) On conviction in a court of law:

Md. A 4, S 4; Miss. A 175; Ore. A 7, S 20.

(7) By recall:

Ariz. A 8, S 1-6; Cal. A 23, S 1; Ore. A 2, S 8.

IX. QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDGES.

1.

fications required.

What quali- OHIO A 15, S 4. No person shall be elected or appointed to any office in this state, unless he possesses the qualifications of an elector.

1. How fixed.

The different states provide various qualifications, a brief outline of which is shown below:

(1) In seventeen state constitutions, requirement is made that judges shall be citizens of the United States.

(2) In twenty-four constitutions it is required that judges shall have been residents within the states for a given length of time.

(3) In twenty-two constitutions, judges are required to be resi-
dents of the districts in which they are chosen.

(4) In thirteen states, judges must be learned in the law.
(5) In eighteen constitutions the qualification is imposed that
judges shall have practiced law a given length of time or shall
have practiced law and served as judge for a given time.
(6) In twenty-five states an age qualification is imposed.
(7) In nine states judges are forbidden to hold any other office
of trust or profit either under the state or the United States.
(8) In nine states, judges may hold no other than a judicial
office.

(9) In the following states it is provided that no judge shall
preside in any trial of any cause, in which he may be interested
or when either of the parties may be connected with him by con-
sanguinity or affinity; or in which he may have been counsel or
have presided as judge in an inferior court.

Ark. A 7, S 20; Md. A 4, S 7; Miss. A 6, S 165; Tenn. A 6, S 11;
Tex. A 5, S 11 (amdt. 1891); Utah A 8, S 13.

X. COMPENSATION OF JUDGES.

OHIO A 4, S 14. The judges of the supreme court, and of the court of common pleas, shall, at stated times, receive, for their services, such compensation as may be provided by law; which shall not be diminished, or increased, during their term

of office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit or trust, under the authority of this state, or of the United States. All votes for either of them, for any elective office, except a judicial office, under the authority of this state, given by the General Assembly, or the people, shall be void.

(1) Fixed in constitutions, in the following states, but usually
alterable by law:

Ariz. A 6, S 10; Cal. A 6, S 17 (amdt. 1905, Supreme Court only); Fla.
A 5, S 9 (Supreme and Circuit Courts); Ga. A 6, S 13; Idaho A 6, S 17;
Ill. A 6, S 7 & 16; Iowa A 5, S 9; La. A 108; Neb. A 6, S 13; N. M. A 6,
S 11 & 17; Tex. A 5, S-6 & 7 (amdt.); Utah A 8, S 20; Va. A 6, S 103;
Wash. A 4, S 14; W. Va. Chap. 23, Acts of 1903.

(2) The following state constitutions contain provisions similar to
that of Ohio, in that salaries may not be increased or diminished
during terms of office:

Ala. A 6, S 150; Ark. A 7, S 10; Ind. A 7, S 13; La. A 114; Me. A 6,
S 2; Minu. A 6, S 6; Miss. A 6, S 106; Mo. A 6, S 33; Nev. A 6, S 15;
N. Dak. A 4, S 99; R. I. A 10, S 6; S. C. A 5, S 9; Tenn. A 6, S 7;
Utah A 8, S 12; Wyo. A 5, S 17.

(3) The following states have provisions similar to that of Ohio in
that judges are forbidden to accept any fees or perquisites outside of
their salaries:

Ala. A 6, S 150; Ark. A 8, S 18; Cal. A 6, S 15; Colo. A 6, S 18; Del.
A 4, S 4; Kan. A 3, S 13; Me. A 6, S 2; Md. A 33 (D. of R.); Minn. A 6,
S 6; Mont. A 8, S 80; Nev. A 6, S 10; N. H. Par. 2, A 80; Neb. A 6, S 14;
N. Y. A 6, S 20; Pa. A 5, S 18; S. C. A 5, S 9; S. Dak. A 5, S 30;
Tenn. A 6, S 7; Wash. A 4, S 13; Wis. A 7, S 10.

XI. COURTS OF CONCILIATION.

OHIO A 4, S 19. The General Assembly may establish
courts of conciliation, and prescribe their powers and duties;
but such courts shall not render final judgment in any case,
except upon submission, by the parties, of the matter in dis-
pute, and their agreement to abide such judgment.

(1) Similar provisions are found in the following constitutions:
Colo. A 18, S 3; La. A 176; Ky. S 250; Mich. A 16, S 7; Tex. A 16, S 13;
N. Dak. A 4, S 120; Wis. A 7, S 16; Wyo. A 5, S 28.

XII. CLERKS OF COURTS.

OHIO A 4, S 16. There shall be elected in each county, by the electors thereof, one clerk of the court of common pleas, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. He shall, by virtue of his office, be clerk of all other courts of record held therein; but, the General Assembly may provide, by law, for the election of a clerk, with a like term of office, for each or 9 D. OF C.

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2.

3.

4.

Terms of office.

any other of the courts of record, and may authorize the judge of the probate court to perform the duties of clerk for his court, under such regulations as may be directed by law. Clerks of courts shall be removable for such cause and in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

(1) Similar provisions are found in the following states:

Ala. A 6, S 165; Ark. A 7, S 19; Ariz. A 6, S 18; Cal. A 6, S 4; Fla. A 5,
S 15; Idaho A 5, S 16; Kan. A 3, S 7; La. A 122; Md. A 4, S 25; Mich.
A 7, S 11; Minn. A 6, S 13; Mont. A 8, S 18; N. C. A 4, S 16; N. Dak.
A 4, S 108; N. M. A 6, S 24; Ore. A 7, S 15; S. C. A 5, S 27; S. Dak.
A 5, S 32; Tenn. A 6, S 13; Tex. A 5, S 9; Utah A 8, S 14; Wash. A 4,
S 26; W. Va. A 8, S 18; Wis. A 7, S 12 (amdt.); Wyo. A 5, S 13.

(1) The terms of office vary from two to eight years:

District and (1) In the following states the District and Circuit Court Clerks are

Circuit

Courts,

clerks ap

pointed by courts

themselves.

Supreme

appointed by those courts:

Colo. A 6, S 19; N. H. A 81, Par. 2.

(1) In a few states, clerks of Supreme Courts are elected at large: Court clerks. Ind. A 7, S 7; Ky. S 120; Md. A 4, S 17; Minn. A 6, S 2; Miss. A 168; Mont. A 8, S 9; Okla. A 7, S 7.

(2) In the constitutions of the following states, the clerks of the
Supreme Courts are made appointive by the Courts themselves, and
generally removable by the same authority:

Ala. A 6, S 164; Ark. A 7, S 7; Ariz. A 6, S 17; Colo. A 6, S 9; Fla.
A 5, S 7; Idaho A 5, S 15; Kan. A 3, S 4; La. A 88 (amdt. 1904);
Mich. A 7, S 6; Mo. A 6, S 39; N. C. A 4, S 15; N. Dak. A 4, S 93;
N. H. A 81; N. M. A 6, S 9; S. C. A 5, S 7; S. Dak. A 5, S 12;
Tenn. A 6, S 13; Tex. A 5, S 3 (amdt.); Utah A 8, S 14; Va. A 6, S 92;
Wash. A 4, S 22; W. Va. A 8, S 8; Wis. A 7, S 12 (amdt.); Wyo. A 5,
S 9.

VII.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

tions.

OHIO A 5, S 1. Every white male citizen of the United 1. QualificaStates, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the state one year next preceding the election, and of the county, township, or ward, in which he resides, such time as may be provided by law, shall have the qualifications of an elector, and be entitled to vote at all elections.

Similar provisions in regard to the qualifications of an elector are
found in the following states:

Ark. A 3, S 1; Cal. A 2, S 1 & 24; Colo. A 7, S 1; Conn. A 6, S 1, 2, 8,
11, 29; Del. A 5, S 2; Fla. A 6, S 1 & 8; Ga. A 2, S 1; Idaho A 6, S 2;
Idaho A 1, S 20; Ind. A 2, S 2; III. A 7, S 1; Iowa A 2, S 1; Kan. A 5,
S 1; Ky. S 145; La. A 197, S 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; A 198, 199, 201; Me. A 2, S 1;
Me. A 29, S amdt.; Md. D. of R. A 7 & A 1, S 1; Mass. amdt. A 3, 30, 31;
Minn. A 7, S 1; Minn. A 15, S 3; Miss. A 12, S 241, 243, 244; Mo. A 8,
S 2; Mont. A 9, S 2, 10, 12; Neb. A 7, S 1 & 2; Nev. A 2, S 1, 3; N. H.
A 2, Pt. 2, A 12, A 30; N. J. A 2, S 1; N. C. A 1, S 22; N. C. A 6, S 1 &
S 2; N. D. A 2, S 121; N. D. A 5, S 128; Ore. A 2, S 2 & 17; R. I. A 2,
S1 & A 7, S 1, S 2; S. C. A 2, S 3, 4; S. D. A 7, S 1, 6; Tenn. A 4,
S 1; Utah A 4, S 1, 2, 5, 7; Vt. C 2, A 2, S 21, 18 & 30; Wash. A 6, S 1;
W. Va. A 4, S 1; Wyo. A 6, S 1, 2, 5, 9, 10.

The following dissimilarities are to be noted:

(1) Length of ume required to have right to vote:

Idaho A 6. S 2 (amdt.); Ind. A 2, S 2; Iowa A 2, S 1 (amdt.); Kan.
A 5, S 1: La. A 197; Me. A 2, S 1; Minn. A 7, S 1 (amdt.); Miss. A 12,
S 241: Neb. A 7, S 1; Nev. A 2, S 1 (amdt.); N. C. A 6, S 2; S. C. A 2,
S 4; Va. A 2, S 18.

(2) States having educational qualifications:

Cal. A 2. S 1: Colo. A 7, S 3; Conn. A 29 (amdt.); Del. A 5, S 2; La.
Á 197, S 3; Ga. A 2, S 1 (amdt.); Me. A 29 (amdt.); Miss. A 12, S 244;
N. H. P 1, A 11; S. C. A 2, S 4; Wash. A 6, S 1 (amdt.); Wyo. A 6,
S 9.

(3) States having property qualifications:

Conn. A 6. S 2; Fla. A 6, S 8; Ga. A 2, S 1; La. A 197, S 4; Miss. A 12,
S 241; R. I. A 2, S 1; Tenn. A 4, S 1; Va. A 2, S 30.

(4)

Permitting women to vote at all elections:

Cal. (amdt. 1911); Colo. A 7, S 1; Utah A 4, S 1; Wash. A 6, S 1 (amdt. 1910); Wyo. A 6, S 1; Idaho A 6, S 2 (amdt.)

(5) Permitting women to vote at school elections:

Me. A 7, S 8; Mont. A 9, S 10; N. D. A 5, S 128; S. D. A 7, S 9.

(6) Permitting women to vote at elections involving tax measures: La. A 199; Mont. A 9, S 12; Mich. A 3, S 4.

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