whatever either exift as the Energies, or Ch. III. Affections of fome other thing, or without being the Energies or Affections of Some other thing. If they exift as the Energies or Affections of fomething elfe, then are they called ATTRIBUTES. Thus to

think is the attribute of a Man; to be white, of a Swan; to fly, of an Eagle; to be four-footed, of a Horse. If they exist not after this manner, then are they call'd SUBSTANCES *. Thus Man, Swan, Eagle and Horse are none of them Attributes, but all Substances, because however they may exist in Time and Place, yet neither of these, nor of any thing else do they exift as Energies or Affections.

AND

tiones partium navis, (hoc eft, tabularum & trabium) non partes navis dicuntur. Prifc L. XI. 913.

SUBSTANCES] Thus Ariftotle. Novi TÚTY ἆρηται, τί ποτ ̓ ἐσὶν ἡ ἐσία, ὅτι τὸ μὴ καθ ̓ ὑποκειμένε, ἀλλὰ xarà ana. Metaph. Z. v. p. 106. Ed. Sylb.

Ch. III.

AND thus all things whatsoever being either (f) Substances or Attributes, it follows of course that all Words, which are fignificant as Principals, must needs be fignificant of either the one or the other. If they are fignificant of Subftances, they are call'd Subftantives; if of Attributes, they are call'd Attributives. So that ALL WORDS whatever, fignificant as Principals, are either SUBSTANTIVES or AT

TRIBUTIVES..

AGAIN, as to Words, which are only fignificant as Accessories, they acquire a fignification either from being affociated to one Word, or elfe to many. If to one Word alone, then as they can do no more than in fome manner define or determine, they may justly for that reason be called

DE

(ƒ) This divifion of things into Substance and Accident seems to have been admitted by Philofophers of all Sects and Ages. See Categor. c. 2. Metaphyf. LVI. c. I. De Calo, L. III. c. 1.

DEFINITIVES. If to many Words at Ch. III. once, then as they serve to no other purpofe than to connect, they are called for that reafon by the name of CONNEC

TIVES.

AND thus it is that all WORDS whatever are either Principles or Acceffories; or under other Names, either fignificant from themfelves, or fignificant by relation.

-If fignificant from themselves, they are either Subftantives or Attributives; if fignificant by relation, they are either Definitives or Connectives. So that under one of these four Species, SUBSTANTIVES, ATTRIBUTIVES, DE FINITIVES, and CONNECTIVES, are ALL WORDS, however different, in a manner included.

Ir any of these Names feem new and unusual, we may introduce others more ufual, by calling the Subftantives, Nouns; the Attributives, VERBS; the Definitives,

ARTI

Ch. III. ARTICLES; and the Connectives, CON

JUNCTIONS.

SHOU'D it be afk'd, what then becomes of Pronouns, Adverbs, Prepofitions, and Interjections; the answer is, either they must be found included within the Species above-mentioned, or else must be admitted for fo many Species by themfelves.

§ THERE were various opinions in ancient days, as to the number of these Parts, or Elements of Speech.

Plato in his Sophift mentions only two, the Noun and the Verb. Ariftotle mentions no more, where he treats of + Propofitions. Not that thofe acute Philofophers were ignorant of the other Parts, but they spoke with reference to Logic or Dia

* Tom. I. p. 261. Edit. Ser,
+ De Interpr. c. 2 & 3.

Dialectic (g), confidering the Effence of Ch. III. Speech as contained in these two, because these alone combined make a perfect assertive Sentence, which none of the reft without them are able to effect. Hence therefore Ariftotle in his treatife of Poetry (where he was to lay down the elements

*

of

(g) Partes igitur orationis funt fecundum Dialecticos due NOMEN & VERBUM; quia bæ fola etiam per Je conjunctæ plenam faciunt orationem; alias autem partes cufualnyoghμarą, boc eft, confignificantia appellabant. Prifcian. 1. 2. p. 574. Edit. Putschii. Exiftit bic quædam quæftio, cur duo tantum, NOMEN & VERBUM, Je (Ariftoteles fc.) determinare promittat, cum plures partes orationis effe videantur. Quibus boc dicendum eft, tantum Ariftotelem hoc libro diffiniffe, quantum illi ad id, quod inftituerat tractare, fuffecit. Tractat namque de fimplici enuntiativa oratione, quæ fcilicet bujufmodi eft, ut junctis tantum Verbis & Nominibus componatur.—Quare fuperfluum eft quærere, cur alias quoque, quæ videntur orationis partes, non propofuerit, qui non totius fimpliciter orationis, fed tantum fimplicis orationis inftituit elementa partiri. Boetius in Libr. de Interpretat. p. 295. Apollonius from the above principles elegantly calls the NOUN and VERB, τὰ ἐμψυχότατα μέρη το λόγε, the moft animated parts of Speech. De Syntaxi 1. 1. c. 3. P. 24. See also Plutarch. Quæft. Platon. p. 1009.