The philan thropicreligious schools replaced by middle of nineteenth century by public schools control. It was not until 1853 that the schools of the society were transferred to the control of the school board and a free public school system was really established. While the transition was somewhat more tardily accomplished in New York than in other communities, yet every American city, except a few of New England, passed through a similar development. Public school societies, not always bearing this exact title, existed in Philadelphia, Buffalo, Albany, and even as far west as Cincinnati. With regard to common schools at least, the philanthropicreligious period was terminated by the middle of the nineteenth century, yet it is to be remembered that kindergarten and manual training schools have found their way into the public schools within a generation, largely through the channel of privately supported organizations. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN STATE SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION. In considering the somewhat tardy development of public, especially city school systems in our own country, it is to be borne in mind that few other municipal services were at that time developed. Water supply, street lighting, street cleaning, fire protection, even police protection, were yet matters of private enterprise. When the absence of all experience in any generous support of educational activities by taxation is borne in mind, it is not to be wondered that the development of the idea of free public schools and the willingness to support them by general taxation were of slow growth. In aristocratic states, such as those of the Teutonic peoples, where the foresight of the ruling classes rather than the general intelligence and generosity of the people determined the situation, less opposition to the development of the modern attitude toward education would be found. But a more important factor than the aristocratic-social one was the ecclesiastical-political cne. Previous to the later part of the eighteenth century, it was the were closely religious motive that controlled in education. Consequently Public school systems first developed where state and Church allied only where the Church and state were closely united and where Years The French system of education as exemplified in Paris Elementary Shading shows com Crèches Infant • Mother's Elem Middle Superior Complementary, a continuation of the elementary Exam. for the element- Adult Under ministry of public instruction с Infant : Jary cert.is based Superior Supplementary As the Crèches keep on the middle course. Technical at least 1 year of the sup-apprentice the pupils till 3 the Mother's schools rarely admit earlier than 22, and often keep them till 7 in Condominium erior required for admis Technical. National schools of 3 to 6 instruction two ministries condominium condominium commerce commerce arts and manufactures commerce Chamber of commerce, Paris Complementary course. National agric. Institute i Under ministry of war admits to competitive exam Commerce "St Cyr Polytechnic war Infant schools are few in number and ds and bridges public works Montpellier. Horticulture agriculture agriculture connect the mother's agriculture Secondary. Under ministry of public instruction and fine arts. "Superior for women, Fontenay aux Roses. Hormal instruction Normal at Sèvres. Prepares for teaching 1 2 3 in girls schools Infant Pre. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 admits to science faculties Infant Pre 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Rhet Phi. Admits to letters faculties For boys, normal al, Paris, rue d'Ulm, bachelor's degree modern Science sect Dep't superior educ For boys, normal, Paris, bachelor's degree classical Letters sect ag agrégation For boys, classical Department of superior education. Fifteen state universities have faculties in cities as follows Paris,Besançon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, (Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse. Paris, Montauban (prot), Paris, aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Rouen (cath) Theology" db.bachelor Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse. Lyons, Toulouse." (Nantes, Rennes. "Pharmacy • Preparation for examination made in free dental schools. Dentistry Under Ministry of agriculture. 3 schools. Alfort, Lyons and Veterinary diploma of surgeon-dent Toulouse FROM Professional Education in Foreign Countries, BY H. L. TAYLOR |