permanently introduced into the charitable institutions and prisons of this city, which will give it a character and confidence throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and consequently throughout the old world, which will open new markets for that great and valuable staple I rejoice in this, as it will benefit that noble and honorable class of citizens of our beloved country, the farmers, and by no possibility injure any other branch of industry.

"The south have their great and valuable staple for the manufacturer, Cotton: but for capability of production is restricted to latitude and longitude; not so with corn-it may be raised throughout the length and breadth of our land with great facility and comparative trifling expense."

At his request the following analysis of Indian Corn has been made by Dr. R. D. Thompson, of Glasgow, one of the most distinguished chemists of the present day:

He says it appears that 100 lbs. of Beans are equal in nutritive power to 174 of Prussian Brown Bread, and to 232 of Maize. It is interesting, however, to observe the elevated position occupied by Indian Corn in the table-even above that of Scotch Flour.

Dr. Gardner-An analysis made by Dana, of Lowell, Massachusetts, is, I see, identical with this of Professor R. D. Thompson. Few kinds of wheat contain more albumen (the flesh-making element,) than corn does, which also contains the fattening elements. Corn is as valuable for flesh-making as wheat or oats, and beans contain what is called caseine the cheese principle.

Mr. Carter-In Virginia I saw their mode of managing corn. When the grain is in the milk, they cut the stalk off near the ground. They leave four hills of corn standing and round these they set up the cut corn-stalks, with all the ears on. The cut ends resting on the ground. And they say that the grain then ripens better than if left on the original root. They had before this method, tried to dry their

corn-stalks for fodder in their Tobacco Houses, which is done by heating stones and placing them in the houses. But this mode did not succeed with the corn-stalks as well as the stacking above mentioned.

Mr. Hyde-Experience has proved this plan of cutting the stalk while the grain is in the milk, is a good one. I have tried it in Missouri, to save my corn from the frost, and I found the grain and fodder both better for it. The fodder was worth double that done in the old way.

Dr. Gardner-In the Farmers' Dictionary, I refer to Boussingault's analysis of Indian corn, he states that as food for man, it is 108 to 100 of the best wheat, and as 108 to 107 of common wheat.

Prof. JAMES J. MAPES in the Chair.

April 27, 1846.

Judge Van Wyck-I hoped that some gentleman would speak on the other subject of the day-the Keeping of Cattle, especially Cows. It is a subject of much volume. I will add now a few remarks upon it, which escaped me at the last Club. The subject of the Cow is very interesting; an animal of immense value; of such kind habits that a child can drive it, or can milk it. What a source of nourishment for the human race! The care of this animal-in the preparation of the lands to sustain it-the all-essential thing being perfect order in system-for habit in man, in animals-even in vegetables, form those essentials which cannot be overlooked. For even the grasses for the feed have peculiar habits on particular lands, and the farmer must exercise his best judgment in all that relates to this matter. No creature is more dependent than the cow upon the peculiar state of the farm she lives on, the kind and character of its cultivation; its grasses; its roots, and its adaption in all respects to her habits and taste. She is either small or large; a little or a great milker, according to all these circumstances. Double quantities of rich milk, or pour according to pasture and treatment. Care must be taken of her not only in the winter, but in the summer also.

Dr. Field-This subject has been much discussed: it is important. I have paid much attention to it. I have found, during summer, that it was hard to change the food often. From feeding on clover,

or oats cut green, and putting them suddenly upon green corn-stalks, I found them becoming thin. I would soil them in this method. Select a piece of land neither wet nor dry; make it very rich; it cannot be made too much so. In September, sow rye; double seed it; it comes early in spring; then oats and the common field peas; they will be a heavy growth; then clover; and after the rye is off, plant corn broad-cast; cut the stalks while they are green and tender, before it has its tassel; cut it when it is about two feet high. You can have two, or even three crops of such corn in a season. Plant corn and cut in succession. Thus, you can plant the rye in September, oats early in spring, then your corn crops. If this green feed should cause the diarrhoea, give the cows dry feed for a while. You can keep up your green crops in this way during the whole season from snow to snow! Four of my cows stabled in winter, and soiled in summer, after this plan, have yielded about three hundred dollars worth of milk, sold to certain hotels in summer, for two and a half cents a quart, and for four cents in winter. I had supposed that a great part of the feed went to produce animal heat. Two cows, which gave each only five quarts daily, gave eleven quarts each after being stabled and well fed there. My cows so managed all increased their milk, while those of my neighbors generally were dry; so great is the benefit of a warm stable, that by putting them into a warm cellar, they increased their milk eight quarts in about one week, and I attribute that increase to warmth alone. There is another thing of very great importance. Instead of a vast quantity of acres, take no more than you can put one hundred loads of good manure upon per acre! And every farmer has the means within his, command. He can have muck; he can take the rich soil from headlands and put it in his barn-yard to mix with dung and urine, and all other things. Then the headland soil will absorb the rich fluid manure. Let those who want to know the effects of good manure well managed, go and see the farm of Gen. Johnson, the President of this Club. There they will see the rich results of his knowledge and care. I have 60 loads of manure by the means of a few pigs, and proper care of the litter, &c.

Mr. Carter I observed in our Orange County,' famed for butter and fine meats, that it was not climate nor soil, but it was care and attention that does it. Abundant cattle make rich pastures, and rich pastures fine cattle; and the well fed fat cattle go well through a hard winter; and not too many cattle upon a farm. One is well paid for proper care of cattle.

Judge Van Wyck-I suggest whether the expense of soiling, all things considered, does not overbalance the profit. It might do perhaps on a small farm, but on 200 or 250 acres, as the price of labor "is now and has always been, I think that the profit would be counterbalanced by the expense. It is true that more manure is collected on land, but that which is dropped on the pasture is not lost, it sinks into the soil and becomes mixed with the grass, and especially the surplus or decayed parts that fall away.

Dr. Field-One of the greatest detriments to farmers, is prejudice, prejudice I may say, stereotyped all over the land. Soiling, however valuable, is not yet appreciated. I advise others to imitate the venerable General Johnson-the farmer for profit-of 150 acres of land-he only cultivated about one-third-but that is a perfect culture. He lets out the rest of his farm.

Mr. Wakeman-Gouverneur Morris, on his large farm has used the corn-stalks-planted broad cast, and if I recollect right, he remarked, that the saving by it was one half. Soiling is best near cities where lands are high priced.

Mr. Blyde-All depends on the value of the land. There is no question at all, that near this city, soiling is best, it will enrich the land, while in grazing, the manure is chiefly lost, and it is not difficult to show what the loss is compared with soiling. As to the headlands they can be used to great advantage, and so can peat muck, in the barn yard. I have tried the latter, and it is a fine absorbent of the liquid manure. With the change from one kind of feed to another, the cattle feel the change.

Dr. Field-Green feed produces sometimes diarrhea, and dry feed stops it. But cattle can become habituated to green feed. A milkman buys cows, feeds and milks them, until they run down to five or seven quarts a day-then suspends milking them, and fattens them for beef.

I present a list of feed for cows, viz:

when a cow gives six or seven quarts of milk a day, and is fat. Then they change sometimes-milk two years or three.

Mr. Wakeman-I have found it best to feed hay, Indian meal and ship stuff. One cow gave me milk for two, and another for three years. I feed twice as much ship stuff as meal. Much depends on the kind of cow. The English rule is, not to take a cow from rich land and pasture where she was raised, to poor land and pasture.

As to Indian corn, the qualities of it vary much in the different sections of the United States. The bread made from southern corn is dry and very palatable; that from northern corn is more moist and heavy. The quality of bread made from any corn depends as much on the modes of cooking it as upon the kind of corn used.. I think that the success of the experiment of introducing the use of Indian corn into England, will depend upon these circumstances of quality and cooking.

Col. Edward Clark-Our northern corn seems to contain more silicious matter in its composition, than our southern corn. It requires much longer immersion in water before it is sufficiently softened. Our flint corn has its name from its hardness. Our southern corn is easily pounded or ground, and is much more easily cooked. When cooked with milk, or with a portion of lard in it, it is excellent food.

Judge Van Wyck-Indian corn helps the soil on which it grows for succeeding crops of grain. It is an excellent crop to precede one of wheat. The soil for corn must be rich-for it is a common saying corn is a gross feeder! and the cultivation necessary in a crop of it has the effect of leaving the soil in fine condition for wheat or any other grain. Corn is one of the strongest and best foods for man, and still more so for many animals. It has more of the flesh making properties in it than any kind of wheat. Oats and corn ground together form a feed which fattens animals more rapidly than any feed given to them. I believe that the southern corn, for some purposes, is preferable to the northern. It makes a lighter bread, and is more easy to cook. But the Northern is a stronger food than the southern. The stalks of corn fed to cows give the best milk, and more of it than any hay. This effect is probably due to the large amount of saccharine contained in the stalks; sugar is made from their juices. The roots of corn extend far and great care ought to be taken not to injure them in plowing or other cultivation.