153. The heads of the church represent that establishment in the house of peers; and consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and of twenty-four English, and four Irish bishops. Other dignities of the church are Deans, or assistants of the bishops.

Arch-Deacons, or subordinate bishops.

Rural Deans, who preside over part of the diocese.

Rectors or Vicars of parishes, according as they receive great or small tythes.

And Curates, who receive a salary for doing the clerical duty.

154. The twelve Judges sit occasionally in the house of lords, but they do not vote. In the law, there are also Recorders, or judges of corporations; Sergeants at law; Barristers, or counsel; and Solicitors or Attornies.

The Attorney and Solicitor-general are barristers, who plead on the legal business of the crown. 155. Sheriffs are officers, who are the executive deputies of the king in their county; they serve all writs and process; keep the prisons; name and summon juries; execute sentences of the law.

Coroners are officers appointed to inquire into the causes of sudden deaths.

Justices of the peace hear complaints; commit offenders for trial, to the sheriff's public prison; and redress many grievances.

Headboroughs are constables of hundreds and petty constables execute the warrants of justices. Government and Laws of the United States.

156. The government of the United States, is a representative democracy. All power resides

ultimately in the people; but they exercise it by means of their representatives, or persons chosen by them for that purpose. The constitution is a written one; and to its provisions all the departments of the government are bound to conform ; and the act of any one of them, even an act of congress, if contrary thereto, is void.

157. The executive power is vested in "THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES." He is chosen every fourth year by electors appointed by the severa states. He is the commander in chief of the army and navy; and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, makes treaties, appoints judges, foreign ministers, and other officers. He is liable to be impeached and removed from office for misbehaviour. He is re-eligible as often as the people please to re-elect him.

158. The legislative power resides in a ConGRESS, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two members from each state in the union, chosen by the legislature thereof, and remain in office six years. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen by the people of each state for two years. The Senate has the power to try all impeachments-the House of Representatives pre

fers them.

159. Every law must be passed by both the Senate and House of Representatives, and also receive the approbation of the President; or if he dissent, two thirds of each house must, arter his dissent, concur in passing it.

160. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, established by the constitution, and in such inferior courts as Congress may think fit to estab

lish. Besides the ordinary exercise of its power of deciding controversies, it is incident to the judicial power of the United States to pass upon the acts of Congress and decide upon their constitutionality; a power essential to the maintenance of the rights of the people, but not known in any of the governments of Europe. In England the power of parliament is said, "by a figure rather too bold," to be omnipotent; and the people are bound by its acts however arbitrary. In the United States, the legislative power is wisely limited.

161. Besides the general government, whose powers, for many purposes, extends over the whole union, each state has a separate local government, whose jurisdiction is confined to the regulation of its own concerns. These separate governments are all republican, and consist generally of a governor, and two legislative branches; though the powers of the different departments are variously modelled in the several

states.

162. The rights of personal security, personal liberty, and private property, are equally protected in this country as in England, and by much the same means. The Magna Charta, the bulwark of English liberty, is acknowleged in most, probably in every one of the states. The privilege of Habeas Corpus, the right of trial by jury, to be heard in criminal cases by himself and counsel, to meet the witnesses face to face, to be protected from giving testimony against ones-self, and the other great and essential principles of liberty are firmly established.

163. There are no titles, no orders of nobility, nor privileged orders of any kind in the United States. Merit alone it is considered ought to distinguish men. Nor is there any established religion here every man is allowed to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience. Well may the exclamation of the Mantuan poet be applied to these people: "O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint.”

IX. Of the Mechanical Powers.

164. Without the aid of art, man could not raise massy stones to the tops of churches and palaces; he could not apply immense beams of timber to his purposes; in short, he would still have been a builder of huts and cottages. He, however, soon discovered the use of a lever; and the principle of that power he soon applied, in various shapes.

Obs. A lever is the foundation of all the mechanical powers. It is nothing more than a straight stick or bar of wood or iron; and any common lever may be applied to an object by way of experiment: a poker, a fire-shovel, or walking-stick, for the purpose of illustration, is as good a lever as any that could be made. Lay a shovel across a fender, and put a large coal into it, then balance the coal with the hand at the other end of the shoved; in this situation, the shovel is a lever, the fender is the fulcrum, the coal is the weight or resistance, and the hand is the power to raise and overcome it.

165. The force with which any body moves is called its momentum. If a poy walk at the rate