ARTICLE 30. A spy caught in the act shall not be punished without first having a trial. ARTICLE 31. A spy who, having rejoined the army to which he belongs, is captured later on by the enemy, shall be treated as a prisoner of war and shall incur no responsibility for his previous acts as a spy. CHAPTER III.-Envoys bearing flags of truce. A person authorized by one of the belligerents to enter into negotiations with the other and appearing with a white flag shall be considered as an envoy. He, as well as the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flag-bearer, and interpreter accompanying him, shall be held inviolable. ARTICLE 33. A military commander to whom an envoy is sent is not obliged to receive him under all circumstances. He may take all measures necessary in order to prevent the envoy from taking advantage of his mission for the purpose of gaining information. In case of abuse, he has a right to detain the envoy temporarily. ARTICLE 34. The envoy shall lose his rights to inviolability if it is positively and irrefutably proven that he has availed himself of his privileged position in order to provoke or commit an act of treason. CHAPTER IV.-Capitulations. ARTICLE 35. Capitulations made between the contracting parties must take into account the rules of military honor. Once agreed upon, they should be scrupulously observed by both parties. CHAPTER V.—Armistices. ARTICLE 36. An armistice suspends military operations by mutual agreement of the belligerent parties. If the duration thereof is not fixed, the belligerent parties may resume operations at any time provided, however, that the enemy is opportunely notified in accordance with the conditions of the armistice. ARTICLE 37. The former suspends The armistice may be general or local. warlike operations between the belligerent nations everywhere; the latter only between certain parts of the belligerent armies and within a certain district. ARTICLE 38. The armistice should be made known officially and in due time to the proper authorities and to the troops. Hostilities are immediately suspended after the notification or at the appointed time. ARTICLE 39. The contracting parties shall determine in the clauses of the armistice the relations which shall take place with the inhabitants and between themselves about the seat of war. ARTICLE 40. Any serious violation of the armistice by either party shall give the other a right to denounce it and even to resume hostilities at once in urgent cases. ARTICLE 41. A violation of the clauses of the armistice by individuals acting on their own initiative shall only give a right to demand the punishment of the guilty persons and an indemnity for the losses sustained, if any there be. SECTION III.-MILITARY AUTHORITY UPON THE TERRITORY OF THE ENEMY. ARTICLE 42. A territory is considered as being occupied when it is actually under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation extends only to the regions where this authority is established and capable of being asserted. ARTICLE 43. When the legally constituted authority has actually passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all measures within his power to restore and, as far as possible, to insure public order and life, respecting the laws in force in the country unless absolutely prevented. ARTICLE 44. A belligerent is forbidden to compel the inhabitants of an occupied territory to furnish information concerning the army of the other belligerent or concerning his means of defense. ARTICLE 45. Compelling the people of an occupied territory to take an oath of allegiance to a hostile power is prohibited. ARTICLE 46. The honor and the rights of the family, the life of individuals, and private property, as well as religious convictions and religious worship, should be respected. Private property shall not be confiscated. ARTICLE 47. Looting is positively forbidden. ARTICLE 48. If the taxes, duties, and tolls established for the benefit of the nation are collected by the occupant within the occupied territory, it shall be done as far as possible in accordance with the rules of assessment and distribution in force, the occupant incurring the obligation to defray the expenses of administration of the occupied territory to the extent to which the legal government was obliged to do so. ARTICLE 49. If, besides the taxes referred to in the foregoing paragraph, the occupant collects other contributions in money in the occupied territory, it shall only be for the needs of the army or of the administration of said territory. ARTICLE 50. No public penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be pronounced against the inhabitants on account of individual acts for which they cannot be considered as collectively responsible. ARTICLE 51. No tax shall be collected except by virtue of a written order and under the responsibility of a commander-in-chief. As far as possible the taxes shall be collected in accordance with the rules of assessment and distribution in force. A receipt shall be given the taxpayers for every tax paid. ARTICLE 52. Requisitions in kind and services can only be levied on communes and inhabitants for the needs of the army of occupation. They shall be in accordance with the resources of the country and of such a character as not to oblige the inhabitants to take part in the war operations against their country. These requisitions and services shall be levied only by authority of the commander in the locality occupied. Supplies furnished in kind shall be paid for in cash as far as possible, otherwise a receipt shall be given therefor and the amounts due paid as soon as possible. ARTICLE 53. An army occupying a territory may seize only the specie, funds, and collectible securities which are actually the property of the state, depots of arms, means of transportation, stores, and provisions, and, in general, all movable property of the government capable of being used in the military operations. All means used on land, sea, or in the air for the transmission of information or the transportation of passengers or freight, except where governed by maritime law, stores of arms, and, in general, all kinds of munitions of war, may be seized even if they belong to private parties, but they must be restored and the indemnities shall be fixed upon the conclusion of peace. ARTICLE 54. Submarine cables connecting an occupied territory with a neutral territory shall not be seized or destroyed except in case of absolute necessity. They must also be restored and the indemnities adjusted upon the conclusion of peace. ARTICLE 55. The occupying nation shall consider itself merely as the administrator and usufructuary of the public buildings, real estate, forests, and farms belonging to the hostile government and situated within the occupied territory. It shall protect this property and administer it in accordance with the rules governing usufructs. ARTICLE 56. The property of communes, of institutions devoted to religious worship, charity, and instruction, or to arts and sciences, even when belonging to the government, shall be treated as private property. Any seizure, destruction, or intentional injury of such institutions, or of historical monuments, or works of art or science is prohibited and should be prosecuted. APPENDIX III. CONVENTION FOR THE ADAPTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE GENEVA CONVENTION TO MARITIME WARFARE. His Majesty, the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia; etc., etc.: Animated alike by the desire to diminish, as far as depends on them, the inevitable evils of war; and wishing with this object to adapt to maritime warfare the principles of the Geneva Convention of July 6, 1906, have resolved to conclude a convention for the purpose of revising the convention of July 29, 1899, relative to this question, and have appointed the following as their plenipotentiaries: [Names of plenipotentiaries.] Who, after having deposited their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provisions: ARTICLE 1. Military hospital ships, that is to say, ships constructed or assigned by states specially and solely for the purpose of assisting the wounded, sick, or shipwrecked, the names of which shall have |