ject, found that in most of these the colour might be restored, or rather a new body of colour given, by penciling them over with a solution of prussiate of potash, and then with a dilute acid, either sulphuric or muriatic; or else vice versa, first with the acid, and then with the prussiate. The acid dissolves the oxide of iron of the faded ink, and the prussiate precipitates it again of a blue,which restores the legibility of the writing. If this be done neatly, and blotting paper laid over the letters as fast as they become visible, their form will be retained very distinctly. Pencilling over the letters with an infusion of galls also restores the blackness to a certain degree, but not so speedily nor so completely.

The blackness of common ink is almost instantly and irrevocably destroyed by the oxymuriatic acid, and hence any writing may be effaced by this method completely. To prevent this mischief, which might often be a serious one, several additions have been proposed to common ink, of which by far the best is lamp-black or charcoal, in impalpable powder, on which the acid has no effect. The lamp-black should be of the least oily kind, as it does not readily mix with the ink, and some pains must be taken to incorporate them. On this account perhaps common charcoal is preferable. About a quarter of the weight of the vitriol used will be amply sufficient. This will not fade by age.

INK, China or Indian. The well known and much admired Indian or China ink, is brought over in small oblong cakes, which readily become diffused in water by rubbing, and the blackness remains suspended in it for a considerable time, owing to the extreme subtlety of division of the substance that gives the colour, and the intimacy with which it is united to the mucilaginous matter that keeps it suspended.

Indian ink does, however, deposit the whole of its colour by standing, when it is diffused in a considerable quantity of water. Dr.Lewis, on examining this substance, found that the ink consisted of a black sediment, totally insoluble in water, which appeared to be of the nature of the finest lamp-black, and of another substance soluble in water, and which putrified by keeping, and when evaporated left a tenacious jelly exactly like glue or isinglass. It appears probable, therefore, that it consists of nothing more than these two ingredients, and probably may be imitated with perfect accuracy by using a very fine jelly, like isinglass or size,

and the finest lamp-black, and incorporating them thoroughly. The finest lamp-black known is made from ivory-shavings, and thence called ivory-black,

INK, printer's. This is a very singular composition, partaking much of the nature of an oil varnish, but differing from it in the quality of adhering firmly to moistened paper, and in being to a considerable degree soluble in soap-water.

It is, when used by the printers, of the consistence of rather thin jelly, so that it may be smeared over the types readily and thinly, when applied by leather cushions, and it dries very speedily on the paper without running through to the other side, or passing the limits of the letter.

The method of making printer's ink is thus described by Dr. Lewis. Ten or twelve gallons of nut-oil are set over the fire in a large iron pot, and brought to boil. It is then stirred with an iron ladle, and whilst boiling, the inflammable vapour rising from it either takes fire of itself or is kindled, and suffered to burn in this way for about half an hour, the pot being partially covered so as to regulate the body of the flame, and consequently the heat communicated to the oil. It is frequently stirred during this tiine, that the whole may be heated equally, otherwise a part would be eharred and the rest left imperfect. The flame is then extinguished by entirely covering the pot. The oil by this process has much of its unctuous quality destroyed, and when cold is of the consistence of soft turpentine, and is then called varnish. After this it is made into ink by mixture with the requisite quantity of lamp-black, of which about two ounces and a half are sufficient for sixteen ounces of the prepared oil. The oil loses by the boiling about an eighth of its weight, and emits very offensive fumes. Several other additions are made to the oil during the boiling, such as crusts of bread, onions, and sometimes turpentine. These are kept secret by the preparers. The intention of them is more effectually to destroy part of the unctuous quality of the oil, to give it more body, to enable it to adhere better to the wetted paper, and to spread on the types neatly and uniformly.

Besides these additions, others are made by the printers, of which the most important is generally understood to be a little fine indigo in powder, to improve the beauty of the colour.

Red printer's ink, is made by adding to the varnish, about half its weight of vermi

the plain and simple clue to solve all the difficulties that have occurred upon the sub. ject.

INOCARPUS, in botany, a genus of the Decandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Dumosa. Sapotæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx bifid; corolla funnel-form; stamens in a double row; drupe one-seeded. There is but one species, viz. I. edulis, a native of the Society, Friendly, New Hebrides Isles, &c. in the South Seas; also in Amboyna.

INOCULATION, in medicine, the art of transplanting a distemper from one subject to another, by incision, particularly used for ingrafting the small-pox. See VACCINATION.

INOCULATION. See BUDDING.

INORDINATE proportion, is where there are three magnitudes in one rank, and three others proportional to them in another, and you compare them in a different order. Thus suppose the numbers in one rank to be 2, 3, 9; and those of the other rank 8, 24, 36; which are compared in a different order, riz. 2 : 3 :: 24: 36; and 3: 9: 8:24. Then rejecting the mean terms of each rank, you conclude 2 : 9 :: 8:36.

INQUEST, in law, an inquisition by jurors, or a jury, which is the most usual trial of all causes, both civil and criminal, within this realm.

INQUISITION, in law, a manner of proceeding by way of search and examination, and used in the king's behalf on temporal causes and process, in which sense it is confounded with office. This inquisition is upon an outlawry found, in case of treason and felony committed; upon a felo de se, &c. to entitle the king to a forfeiture of lands and goods; and there is no such nicety required in an inquisition as in pleading: because an inquisition is only to inform the court how process shall issue for the king, whose title accrues by the attainder, and not by the inquisition; and yet in cases of the king and a common person, inquisitions have been held void for uncertainty. Some of the inquisitions are in themselves convictions, and cannot afterwards be traversed or denied, and therefore the inquest ought to hear all that can be alledged on both sides. Of this nature are all inquisitions of felo de se; of flight, in persons accused of felony; of deodands, and the like; and presentment of petty offences in the sheriff's term, or court leet, whereupon the presiding officer may set a fine. Other inquisitions may be afterwards traversed and

examined; as particularly the coroner's inquisition of the death of a man; for in such cases the offender may be arraigned upon the inquisition, and dispute the truth of it.

INROLLMENT, in law, is the registering, recording, or entering in the rolls of the Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, or Exchequer, or by the clerk of the peace in the records of the quarter sessions, of any lawful act; a statute or recognizance acknowledged, a deed of bargain and sale of lands, and the like. But the inrolling a deed does not make it a record, though it thereby becomes a deed recorded; for there is a difference between a matter of record and a thing recorded to be kept in memory; a record being the entry in parchment of judicial matters controverted in a court of record, and whereof the court takes notice, whereas an inrollment of a deed is a private act of the parties concerned, of which the court takes no cognizance at the time of doing it, although the court permits it. By statute 27 Henry VIII. c. 16, no lands shall pass, whereby any estate of inheritance or freehold shall take effect, or any use thereof be made, by reason only of any bargain and sale thereof, except the bargain and sale be made by writing indented, sealed, and within six months inrolled in one of the king's courts of record at Westminster; or else within the county where the lands lie, before the clerk of the peace, and one or more justices. But by fifth Elizabeth, c. 26, in the counties palatine, they may be inrolled at the respective courts there, or at the assizes. Every deed before it is inrolled is to be acknowledged to be the deed of the party, before a master of chancery, or a judge of the court wherein it is inrolled, which is the officer's warrant for inrolling it; and the inrollment of a deed, if it be acknowledged by the grantor, it will be a good proof of the deed itself upon trial. But a deed may be inrolled without the examination of the party himself; for it is sufficient if oath be made of the execution. If two are parties, and the deed be acknowledged by one, the other is bound by it. And if a man live abroad, and would have lands here in England, a nominal person may be joined with him in the deed, who may acknowledge it here, and it will be binding. There have been plans proposed for the inrolling all convey. ances of lands, and registering them, in or der to secure men's titles; but this has been objected to by the landed interest in

in aqua-regia, when diluted, affords an ink which becomes green when held to the fire, but disappears again when suffered to cool. This has been used in fanciful drawings of trees, the green leaves of which appear when warm, and vanish again by cold. This effect has not been explained. If the heat be continued too long after the letters appear, it renders them per manent. 7. If oxide of cobalt be dissolved in acetous acid, and a little nitre added, the solution will exhibit a pale rose colour when heated, which disappears on cooling. 8. A solution of equal parts of sulphate of copper and muriate of ammonia gives a yellow colour when heated, that disappears when cold.

Sympathetic inks have been proposed as the instruments of secret correspondence. But they are of little use in this respect, because the properties change by a few days remaining on the paper; most of them have more or less of a tinge when thoroughly dry; and none of them resist the test of heating the paper till it begins to be

scorched.

INNS and innkeepers. If one who keeps a common inn refuse either to receive a traveller as a guest into his house, or to find him victuals or lodging, upon his tendering a reasonable price for them, he is not only liable to render the damages for the injury in an action on the case, at the suit of the party grieved, but also may be indicted and fined at the suit of the king. In return for such responsibility, the law allows him to retain the horse of his guest until paid for his keep; but he cannot retain such horse for the bill of the owner, although he may retain his goods for such bill; neither can he detain one horse for the food of another. An innkeeper, however, is not bound to receive the horse unless the master lodge there also. Neither is a landlord bound to furnish provisions, unless paid beforehand. If an innkeeper make out unreasonable bills, he may be indicted for extortion; and if either he or any of his ser. vants knowingly sell bad wine, or bad provisions, they will be responsible in an action of deceit. Keeping an inn is not a trading to make a man a bankrupt; but where an innkeeper is a chapman also, and buys and sells, he may on that account be a bankrupt. Innkeepers are clearly chargeable for the goods of guests stolen or lost out of their inns, and this without any contract or agreement for that purpose. But if a person come to an innkeeper, and desire to be

entertained by him, which the innkeeper refuses, because, in fact, his house is already full; whereupon the party says he will shift among the rest of his guests, and there he is robbed, the host shall not be charged. If a man come to a common inn to har bour, and desire that his horse may be put to grass, and the host put him to grass accordingly, and the horse is stolen, the host shall not be charged; because by law the host is not bound to answer for any thing out of his inn, but only for those things that are infra hospitium. Innkeepers may de tain the person of the guest who eats till payment. By the custom of London and Exeter, if a man commit an horse to an hostler, and he eat out the price of his head, the hostler may take him as his own, upon the reasonable appraisement of four of his neighbours; yet he cannot justify the taking him to himself at the price it was appraised at.

INNATE ideas, those supposed to be stamped on the mind from the first moment of its existence, and which it constantly brings into the world with it: a doctrine which Mr. Locke has abundantly refuted. See IDEA.

INNOMINATA ossa, in anatomy, three bones, which compose the extreme part of the trunk of a human body.

INNUENDO, is a word used in declarations and law pleadings, to ascertain a person or thing which was named before; as to say he (innuendo the plaintiff) did so and so, when there was mention before of another person. Innuendo may serve for an explanation, where there is precedent matter, but never for a new charge; it may apply what is already expressed, but cannot add or enlarge the importance of it. The doctrine of innuendoes is strangely misunderstood, in the opinion of the writer of this article, and has been confounded by too much learning and technical distinction being applied to it. The meaning of the word is limiting, suggesting, or meaning.' All words have different meanings, according to the manner, time, and other circumstances under which they are used. the words are used in their plain sense they need no explanation; if in any other sense, then all the circumstances by which that sense is to be made out to be the meaning of the party must be stated, and then the pleader may suggest the true meaning in the indictment under an innuendo; but before the innuendo is used, the circumstances must be stated to which it applies. This is

If