ducem haud spernendum etsi non proelium, at certe bellum absumpsisset. 40. At Caesar cognita morte legati, ne provincia sine rectore 1 foret, A. Didium suffecit. is propere vectus non tamen integras 5 res invenit, adversa interim legionis pugna, cui Manlius Valens praeerat, auctaque et apud hostes eius rei fama, quo venientem ducem exterrerent, atque illo augente audita, ut maior laus compositi vel, si duravissent, venia iustior tribueretur. Silures id 2 quoque damnum intulerant lateque persultabant, donec adcursu 10 Didii pellerentur. sed post captum Caratacum praecipuus scientia 3 rei militaris Venutius, e Brigantum civitate, ut supra memoravi, fidusque diu et Romanis armis defensus, cum Cartimanduam reginam matrimonio teneret; mox orto discidio et statim bello 3. rectore, used of a legatus in 2. 4, 4, etc., also of commander of forces, as in H. 1. 87, 3, etc. 4. A. Didium, see on c. 15, I. The date of his appointment is generally taken to be 805, A. D. 52, and he would appear to have held it for rather more than five years (see 14. 29, 1, and note). vectus, so used of passage by sea in 11. 14, 2. integras, i.e. in the state in which the death of Ostorius left them. 5. Manlius Valens, apparently the same who is mentioned as legatus of a newly raised legion in 822, A.D. 69 (H. 1. 64, 7), also as attaining the consulship in his ninetieth year (849, A. D. 96), which was also the year of his death (Dio, 67. 14, 5). Dio calls him 'C. Valens,' but is corrected by an inscription which Borghesi (Œuvres, vi. 159) shows is to be read 'C. Antistio Vetere, T. Manlio Valente cos.' 6. auctaque et, etc. If 'audita' is taken as abl. abs. (with 'fama'), it would signify the report which reached Rome, and some such word as 'Romae' (which Ritt. inserts) or 'in urbe,' to answer to 'apud hostes,' seems required; also the accumulation of ablatives absolute is very awkward. By reading est' for 'et' (with Nipp. and Dr.), the latter difficulty is avoided, but the former remains; and it seems best either to read 'aeque' for 'atque' (with Heins.), or to suppose (with Jacob) that 'et' and 'atque answer to each other, as perhaps in Dial. 14, 3 (et sermo... atque id ipsum delectat'), and Suet. Cl. 21 (et tophina ac lignea '), and that illo augente answers to apud hostes'; the sense being as if the words ran thus auctaque . . . fama et apud hostes, et mox ab illo dum auget audita,' i. e. it was magnified both in the enemy's quarters, and also through his own exaggeration (in his despatches) of the news which reached him (on his arrival). 8. compositi, nom. pl.; the participle being equivalent to an abstract noun (Introd. i. v. § 55 b, 1); 'that their pacification might be the greater credit': cp. 'servatus gloria maior ero' (Ov. Her. 12, 76). The next clause puts the other alternative, if they held out in resistance (cp. 2. 76, 4; 4. 18, 2), there might be the more excuse." Nipp. and Dr. follow Lips. in reading 'compositis,' to be taken as dat. (compositis rebus'), from which 'res' is supplied as subject of 'duravissent.' It would seem however easier with that reading to take compositis' (with 'iis' supplied) as a concise abl. abs. (= 'si compositi essent'). 9. persultabant: cp. 11. 9, I. II. Venutius: see H. 3. 45, I. The restoration of 'e Brigantum' for the Med. 'euigantum' is made certain from the mention of Cartimandua (c. 36, 1), and from the Histories (1. 1.). No other source gives any clue to the mention which had already been made of him in the Annals; but we infer that he was one of those princes who had made terms with the Romans in the campaigns of Plautius. 13. discidio, a divorce (2. 86, 2; 11. 30, 5, etc.). In the Histories (1. 1.) it is stated that the wealth and prosperity which flowed in to her from her service to the Romans in the betrayal of Caratacus, led her to reject Venutius, and to take in his stead his armiger,' Vellocatus, 4 etiam adversus nos hostilia induerat. sed primo tantum inter ipsos certabatur, callidisque Cartimandua artibus fratrem ac pro5 pinquos Venutii intercepit. inde accensi hostes, stimulante ignominia, ne feminae imperio subderentur, valida et lecta armis 6 iuventus regnum eius invadunt. quod nobis praevisum, et missae 5 auxilio cohortes acre proelium fecere, cuius initio ambiguo finis 7 laetior fuit. neque dispari eventu pugnatum a legione, cui Caesius Nasica praeerat; nam Didius, senectute gravis et multa copia honorum, per ministros agere et arcere hostem satis habebat. 8 haec, quamquam a duobus pro praetoribus plures per annos 10 gesta, coniunxi, ne divisa haud perinde ad memoriam sui valerent: ad temporum ordinem redeo. 1 41. Ti. Claudio quintum Servio Cornelio Orfito consulibus so as to make herself in fact sole ruler; but that the nation took the side of the injured husband, and that she was reduced ' in extremum discrimen.' 1. hostilia induerat: cp. 'hostiles spiritus induisse' (H. 4. 57, 3); also 1. 69, 2 (and note), and c. 13, 1. 4. ne feminae imperio subderentur. This seems inconsistent with what is elsewhere said of British institutions in this respect, and though probably a slip of judgment, may embody a more correct view (see 14. 35, 1, and note). Dr. would take feminae to mean the woman (the individua! Cartimandua); Nipp. lays stress on the idea of subjection against their will, as implied in subderentur;' Jacob thinks that a woman's rule, if not contrary to their institutions, would yet seem ignominious in contrast to that of a distinguished soldier like Venutius. lecta armis iuventus. 'Armis' is abl. of respect, and 'lecta' has the force of 'praestans or insignis': cp. 'tot millia armatorum lecta equis virisque (H. 3. 55, 2). Iuventus' is in apposition to hostes,' which is the proper subject of invadunt,' but iuventus' is used as a collective noun with plural verb in Liv. 21. 7, 7: see Madv. 215 a; Roby 1434; Nipp. here. 5. praevisum. This verb is used for ⚫ providere' in the sense of 'to anticipate' in 14. 55, 1; H. 4. 15, 4; 5. 12, 2. 6. initio ambiguo, etc. In the Histories nothing is said of the employment of a legion, and the auxiliary forces are stated, after sundry doubtful battles, to have accomplished no more than the rescue of Cartimandua herself, leaving Venutius master of the situation (regnum Venutio, nobis bellum relictum'). The Brigantes were still in arms under him in 822, A. D. 69, and, notwithstanding their partial reduction by Cerialis in the time of Vespasian (Agr. 17, 2), were still hardly subdued, and appear to have destroyed the Ninth legion (see Introd. p. 131, 3), in the time of Hadrian (see Juv. 14, 196, and Mayor ad loc.). 8. nam, explaining the absence of Didius himself. multa copia honorum, abl. of quality (Introd. i. v. § 29), not dependent on' gravis.' 10. duobus. Med. here inserts 'ostrio (Ostorio) didioque,' which all edd. (after Freinsh.) omit or bracket as a gloss. plures per annos, during eleven years, 800-811, A.D. 47-58 (see 14. 29, 1). 6 II. haud perinde, 'not as much as they should': cp. 2. 88, 4, and note. Med. has here proinde,' but those who (as Nipp.), follow the MSS. where 'proinde ac or 'quam' are read (see c. 60, 3; 13. 21, 3, and notes), have here accepted the emendation of Put., and have altered similar passages in the first Med. (4. 17, 1; 6. 7, 4). 13. Servio Cornelio Orfito. This person is mentioned again in 16. 12, 3, and appears to have perished in the last years of Nero (H. 4. 42, 1). The name is written in full as here in some inscriptions (Or. 714, 725 C. I. L. vi. 1. 353, 1984), and as 'Orphitus' in the Antian Kalendar (Henzen 6445). Nipp. follows Ritt. in bracketing 'Orfito' here on the ground that it is not the habit of Tacitus to give three names: cp. c. 7, 4, and note. virilis toga Neroni maturata, quo capessendae rei publicae habilis videretur. et Caesar adulationibus senatus libens cessit, ut vicen- 2 simo aetatis anno consulatum Nero iniret atque interim designatus proconsulare imperium extra urbem haberet ac princeps iuventutis 5 appellaretur. additum nomine eius donativum militi, congiarium 3 I. maturata, 'was hastened.' He had only just completed his thirteenth year (see c. 25, 3); and there appears to be no known instance previously (nor even afterwards, except those of Commodus and Caracalla), in which the toga virilis was assumed before the completion of the fourteenth year. See the full collection of facts on the subject in Marquardt, Privatl. 128 foll. capessendae rei publicae. This phrase is used of imperial functions in 11. 24, I; but probably here, as in 16. 28, 8, of political life, and with reference to the quasi-magistracy on which Nero at once entered (cp. 'capessere magistratus' in 13. 29, 3; Agr. 6, 1). habilis, with gerundive dat., as with gerund in Plin. N. H. 34. 15, 43, 149: cp. the use with 'inhabilis' (3. 43, 3); idoneus' (1. 23, 5); aptus' (3. 31, 6). 2. vicensimo aetatis anno. The same privilege, with similar exemption from passing through the lower magis. tracies, and also the title of 'principes iuventutis,' had been granted to Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the grandsons and adopted sons of Augustus (see 1. 3, 4). In the case of other members of the imperial house, or those connected with it by marriage, it had been thought sufficient privilege to permit them to become quaestors five years before the legal age, and to pass on to the praetorship and consulship at a corresponding period (see 3. 29, 1, and note; Momms. Staatsr. i. P. 576). Tiberius and his brother Drusus had thus become consuls in their twentyninth or thirtieth year, Germanicus and Drusus the son of Tiberius at about their twenty-seventh. The cases of Galba and Vitellius show that ordinary citizens of distinguished or favoured families might become consuls in their thirty-fifth, or even thirty-third year, which Mommsen (1. p. 574) takes to be the aetas legitima' at this period. 3. interim. This is probably taken closely with 'designatus,' and does not imply that he was to lay down his proconsular power on becoming consul. 4. proconsulare imperium extra urbem. On this power, as given to others than the princeps, see Introd. i. vi. P. 82. The limitation extra urbem also expressed in the subsequent gift of the same power to M. Aurelius (Vit. 6, 6), distinguishes it from that of the princeps himself, which was valid even within the pomerium (Introd. i. vi. p. 69). Mommsen remarks (Staatsr. ii. 788, 1) that this power, as lying outside the ordinary course of magistracies, would have no 'aetas legitima,' and could be entered on at once. It is never recorded on inscriptions of this period, whether as held by the princeps or by others. princeps iuventutis. On this title, see I. 3, 4, and note. It is given to him (as well as that of 'cos. design.') on medals (Eckh. vi. 261; Cohen, i. pp. 284-286) and inscriptions (Or. 726, etc.). In that on the triumphal arch of Claudius, belonging to this year (see on c. 38, 1), he is also recorded as member of all the four great priestly colleges (Wilm. 899 E=C. I. L. vi. 1. 921): another (C. I. L. vi. 1. 1984) shows him to have been also chosen in this year as one of the 'sodales Augustales (see 1. 54, 1). Also the Arvales offered on June 28 (probably in this year) prayers and vows on his behalf (Henzen 7419-C. I. L. vi. 1. 2034). 5. additum. The datives 'militi' and plebei' do not depend on this: cp. 14. 3, 7. ... donativum. congiarium. The first of these is always specially used of largess to soldiers (c. 69, 3; 14. II, I, and often in Hist.). The word does not occur in the earlier books of the Annals; but such gifts, which may probably have been called by that name, were made by Augustus and Tiberius, and it is used of those of Gaius by Suet. (Cal. 46). On congiaria' to the people see 3. 29, 3; 13. 31, 2, and notes, and the list of such in Marquardt, Staatsv. ii. 138. By 'nomine eius,' it is meant that the gifts were really from Claudius (cp. 2. 42, 1); who had given a 'congiarium' in his own name after his triumph (Dio, 60. 25, 7). Suet. states (Ner. 7) that Nero himself 4 plebei. et ludicro circensium, quod adquirendis vulgi studiis edebatur, Britannicus in praetexta, Nero triumphali veste travecti sunt spectaret populus hunc decore imperatorio, illum puerili 5 habitu, ac perinde fortunam utriusque praesumeret. simul qui centurionum tribunorumque sortem Britannici miserabantur, 5 remoti fictis causis et alii per speciem honoris ; etiam libertorum 6 si quis incorrupta fide, depellitur tali occasione. obvii inter se 7 Nero Britannicum nomine, ille Domitium salutavere. quod ut discordiae initium Agrippina multo questu ad maritum defert: sperni quippe adoptionem, quaeque censuerint patres, iusserit 10 populus, intra penates abrogari: ac nisi pravitas tam infensa 8 docentium arceatur, eruptura in publicam perniciem. motus his quasi criminibus optimum quemque educatorem announced these gifts, as well as a public parade (decursio '), attested also by coins (Eckh. vi. 271; Cohen, i. 284-286). I. ludicro circensium. These games would be extraordinary ('votivi'). On the gerundive dative of purpose cp. Introd. i. v. 22 b. 2. triumphali. The Med. text triumphalium' is retained in the older edd., and by Rup., Walth., Ritt., and Jacob, and would mean such a dress as triumphales' (persons who had triumphed or had received triumphalia ornamenta') were entitled to wear. The correction 'triumphali' (adopted by Or., Halm, Nipp., Dr.) is supported by 1. 15, 4, and is no doubt right; for the ' vestis triumphalis' was not confined to 'triumphales,' but was worn by the chief magistrates of the Republic on certain solemn occasions, and after their example by the princeps (13.8, 1); whence it is called below habitus imperatorius,' and was no doubt assumed by Nero as a mark of his imperium proconsulare' (see Momms. Staatsr. i. 417; ii. 1142, 1149); though its use within the city would seem to have been hardly warranted in his case. 3. spectaret, expressing the thought of Agrippina and her party ('let the people see'). The omission both of the verb of speaking and of an indication of the speaker may be somewhat paralleled by 1. 10, 4, etc., and explained as an effort at rhetorical effect. Those who think it too harsh read ut' after sunt (with Bezzenb.) or in place of sunt' (with Rup.). 4. perinde, correspondingly': cp. com 6. et alii, i. e. 'the majority on false charges, and some on pretence of promotion: cp. c. 56, 4; 1. 63, 7 (and note). The officers spoken of would belong to the praetorian cohorts. 7. tali occasione, 'by taking such opportunity as the following.' That the words have this reference is shown by the concluding sentence ('commotus his,' etc.). 8. Nero Britannicum, etc. 'Nero saluted Britannicus by name, the latter saluted him as Domitius' (ignoring the adoption). Suet. speaks (Ner. 7) as if it had been a slip of the tongue (quod se post adoptionem Ahenobarbum ex consuetudine salutasset'); but even a boy of ten years old could hardly have forgotten a change of name of a full year's standing; and certainly four years later Britannicus had a lively sense of his position (13. 15, 3). 10. quae iusserit populus. The people were supposed by a fiction to have voted the 'lex curiata' (c. 26, 1), which had been preceded by a decree of the senate (c. 25, 3). 12. eruptura, 'there would be an outbreak' a general subject is supplied from 'pravitas tam infensa docentium.' 13. his quasi criminibus, these hinted charges,' thus inferred from the conduct of Britannicus. filii exilio aut morte adficit datosque a noverca custodiae eius inponit. 42. Nondum tamen summa moliri Agrippina audebat, nil praetoriarum cohortium cura exsolverentur Lusius Geta et Rufrius Crispinus, quos Messalinae memores et liberis eius devinctos credebat. igitur distrahi cohortes ambitu duorum et, 2 si ab uno regerentur, intentiorem fore disciplinam adseverante uxore, transfertur regimen cohortium ad Burrum Afranium, egregiae militaris famae, gnarum tamen cuius sponte prae10 ficeretur. suum quoque fastigium Agrippina extollere altius : 8 carpento Capitolium ingredi, qui honos sacerdotibus et sacris 1. exilio aut morte. Recent edd. read 'aut' (with Petersen) for Med. 'ac,' with a force as in 3. 24, 2; 6.9, 1 ('some with exile, some with death'). Dio states (60. 32, 5) that Sosibius (see II. 1, 2) suffered the latter penalty, and adds, κἀκ τούτου παραδοῦσα αὐτὸν οἷς ἤθελεν, ἐκάκου ὅσον ἐδύνατο, καὶ οὔτε τῷ πατρὶ συνεῖναι οὔτε ἐς τὸ δημόσιον προϊέναι εἴα, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν ἀδέσμῳ τρόπον τινὰ φυλακῇ εἶχεν. For her former treatment of him see c. 26, 2. 4. cura, so used of this command in 13. 20, 2, and of military command generally in 2. 78, 1, etc.: cp. curabat' in I. 31, 2. On Lusius Geta see 11. 31, I, on Rufrius Crispinus II. 1, 3. Med. has here 'Rufius,' but in a majority of places (13. 45, 4; 15. 71, 8; 16. 17, 1) 'Rufrius.' In Suet. Ner. 35, both forms occur in leading MSS.; and both are recognised as Roman names in inscriptions. 6. ambitu, rivalry in courting the soldiers.' On the usual partition of this command between two praefects see I. 24, 3, and note; and for other instances, 14. 51, 5; H. 1. 46, 1; 2. 92, 1, and the particulars given in Momms. Staatsr. ii. 867, 2; Hirschfeld, Unters. 219, foll. 8. uxore, perhaps used (as Pfitzn. suggests) with some bitterness, as the matter was so wholly beyond her sphere. Burrum Afranium. The cognomen (read incorrectly in most of the old edd. as Burrhus,' after some of the inferior MSS.) is an old synonym for 'Rufus' (Fest.); and either Burrus' or 'Purrus' is the form used by Ennius for 'Pyrrhus' (Cic. Or. 48, 160). This officer held the command till his death (14. 51, 1). Nothing is known of his previous service, but he appears to have suffered the loss or mutilation of a hand (13. 14, 5). On the question of his identity with 9. gnarum tamen, etc., i. e. knowing that he was Agrippina's nominee, and acknowledging the obligation. On the genit. with sponte' cp. 2. 59, 3, and note. 10. fastigium, ' dignity'; so' muliebre fastigium' (1. 14, 3); also 2. 84, 2; 4. 40, 7, etc., Liv. 2. 27, 6, etc. II. carpento, etc. We find from Dio (60. 33, 2) that she procured a decree from the senate καρπεντίῳ ἐν ταῖς πανηyúpeσi Xpĥobal. A similar privilege, extended from that of vestals (see next note), had been given to Messalina (Id. 60. 22, 2), who was drawn in such a carriage in the triumph of Claudius (Suet. Cl. 17), and, as a posthumous honour, to the effigies of the elder Agrippina and Antonia (Suet. Cal. 15; Cl. 11). The honour is commemorated in medals of Agrippina, from which the form of the ' 'carpentum,' a two-wheeled carriage with an ornamented cover, is known to us (see Marquardt, Privatl. 735). A similar privilege, in the case of men, was allowed only to magistrates and priests, and to them on solemn occasions only (see Momms. Staatsr. i. 394, foll.). sacerdotibus. This right does not appear to have extended to all priests: cp. lex Iul. municip. 62 'quibus diebus virgines Vestales, regem sacrorum, flamines plostreis in urbe sacrorum publicorum P. R. causa vehi oportebit' (see also Liv. 1. 21, 4). The pontifex appears also to have thus gone in procession: cp. dum Capitolium Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex' (Hor. Od. 3. 30, 8). The privileges of the vestals formed in many |