NOTES TO PEVENSEY, see page 69.

The castle of Pevensey has a twofold architectural interest, derived from the very interesting Roman works and masonry still existing in great perfection, and the late Norman, or early English fortress, built within the circuit of these early remains. The walls of both periods have been constructed with the sandstone from Beechy Head. The Roman work exhibits the usual system of masonry, with bonding courses of Roman tiles; and where these are not employed, the lower stratum of the Beechy-Head stone, which is very hard and of a deep red-brown colour, supplies their place. Having described the Roman method in an account of Porchester Castle, communicated to the volume containing the proceedings at Winchester in 1845, it is only necessary to refer the inquirer to that work; and I shall give here merely a few notices respecting the later fortress. In looking at the existing remains, there is certainly nothing so early as the time of Henry II.; and therefore the four first of the following entries on the Pipe Roll of this reign will belong to the keep, the rough mound of which is visible in the interior.

7 Hen. II. In operacione castri Pevenesel, 638. 8d.

8 Hen. II. In liberacione militum et servientium de Pevensel, 201. 38. 4d., de firma sua (nempe Com. de Arundel).

13 Hen. II. In operationibus, 110 sol. et 5 den.

24 Hen. II.

41. 5s. 8d.

2 Ric. I. Pro armis regis ducendis a Pevenesel usque Londinum, 248. 8d.

Robert de Sapy, constable of Pevensey Castle, is allowed 6d. a day for the wages of each of six armed footmen, and 4d. a day for each of six slingers dwelling in the castle for its defence. Rot. Lib. 17 Edw. II. John de Warenna has custody of Pevensey Castle during pleasure. Rot. Pat. 47 Hen. III. Simon de Montfort, junior, is to have 700 marks towards his expenses in besieging Pevensey Castle, out of the fine which the Bishop of Winchester pays for the corn and stock of his bishopric.

Rot. Pat. 49 Hen. III. Barons of Hastings, Winchelsea, and Rye, are to try diligently to capture the king's enemies who endeavour to fortify Pevensey Castle with men and victuals. Rot. Pat. 49 Hen. III.

John Fitzalan is ordered to deliver his son and heir, or his castle of Arundel, to Simon de Montfort as hostage for the security of the peace of the realm. Rot. Pat. 49 Hen. III.

1294. Edw. I. The king grants to Wm. Leyburn the custody of his castle of Pevenese. 22 Edw. I. Abbrev. Rot. Chart. v. i. p. 82.

From Clause and Charter Rolls.

17 John. 1215. Rex Vic. Sussex salutem. Præcipimus tibi quod distringas illos qui custodiam debent in castro nostro de Pevenesel quod sine dilacione custodiam illam facient in eodem castro sicut facere debent et solent.

10 Hen. III. Wm. de Munceals, constable.

1201. John confirms to Henry de Palerna, for the service which John

de Palerna the brother of Henry made to Richard his brother, and to the king his father, and to Joanna the sister of Queen Cecilia, the custody of the gate of his (nostri) Castle of Pevenesel, with all its appurtenances, to have and to hold for himself and his heirs, &c.

Rot. Chart. pp. 93, 94. An. 2 John, 1201. 1215. John sends Hugo de Foresta and ten men to defend the castle, commanding that if he require them he would retain them in the castle for that purpose to his honour. Oct. 8, 1215. Rot. Lit. Pat.

1215. John orders the Sheriff of Sussex to compel those who ought to guard the castle to perform their usual service. Rot. Lit. Claus.

Edw. III. 1327. The king receives the fidelity of John de Holyadale on the service of a fourth part of a knight, and paying yearly towards the ward of the Castle of Pevensey twenty pence.

Abbrev. Rot. Orig. v. ii. p. 5.

1232. G. Count Marescall holds Pevense.

19 Hen. III. Calend. Rot. Char. 52.

V. Nicolas, v. i. p. 506, returned as holding it.
1232. Granted in fee to Peter de Rivall.

17 Hen. III.

Calend. Rot. Pat. 16.

1310-1311. 4 Edw. II. The king grants to Roger de Wellesworth the lands at Eastboum and Suthye which Philip de Brode held for keeping the forinsecam portam (outer gate?) of Pevensey.

Abbrev. Rot. Orig. v. i. p. 177. 1318-1319. The king grants the marsh of Pevensey to Robert Sapy and his wife. Abb. Rot. Orig. v. i. p. 240.

1319-1320. The king grants to Robert Sapy custody of the Castle of Pevensey for his entire life. Abbrev. Rot. Orig. v. i. p. 250.

1325-1326. The king orders that the castle should be victualled according to the oversight of Robert Sapy, and sufficiently fortified.

Abb. Rot. Orig. v. i. p. 297. 1337. The king grants to Guy Brian the marsh of Pevensey formerly granted to Robert Sapy. Abb. Rot. Orig. v. ii. p. 114.

1340. The king intrusts the custody of the Castle of Pevensey to Henry Romyn. Abb. Rot. Orig. v. ii. p. 132.

LICENSE TO CRENELATE NAWORTH, 1335, see page 76.

Pro Ranulpho de Dacre. Rex omnibus ballivis et fidelibus suis ad quos, &c. salutem. Sciatis quod de gratia nostra speciali concessimus et licentiam dedimus pro nobis et hæredibus nostris dilecto et fideli nostro Ranulpho de Dacre, quod ipse mansum suum de Naward in comitatu Cumbria muro de petra et calce firmare et kernellare et mansum illud sic firmatum et kernellatum tenere possit sibi et hæredibus suis imperpetuum sine occasione vel impedimento nostri vel hæredum nostrorum justitiariorum vicecomitum aut aliorum ballivorum seu ministrorum nostrorum quorumcumque. In cujus, &c. Teste Rege, apud Erth. xxvij. die Julii. Edw. III., p. 2, m. 20.

Pat. 9

Juratores dicunt quod prædicta Castrum (de Naware) et maneria cum membris et pertinentiis suis tenentur de domino Rege in capite ut de corona, per homagium et fidelitatem et per servitium unius baroniæ et per servitium reddendi regi per annum ad cornagium ad Scaccarium Regis Karlioli per manus Vicecomitis Cumberland qui pro tempore fuerit, 418. 8d. ad terminum Assumptionis Beatæ Mariæ pro toto anno. dicunt quod prædictum castrum de Naware nihil valet per annum infra muros, et multum indiget in reparatione domorum et murorum et pro custodia ejusdem eo quod est prope Marchiam Scotia et in magno periculo propter Scotos. Inquis. 36 Edw. III., p. 1, No. 62.

Et

Later Inquisitions (Ric. II. and Edw. IV.) have the same return about Naworth Castle.

ENTRIES ON THE GREAT ROLL OF THE PIPE CONCERNING
CARLISLE CASTLE, p. 75.

19 Hen. II. 1173. Et Roberto de Vals, 201., ad tenendos milites in castello de Carleol per breve Ricardi de Luci.

In operacione castelli Carleol, 678., per breve regis et per visum Ade et Roberti et Radulphus clerici, et Wulfrici ingeniatoris. Et in operacione predicti castelli, 81. 48., per breve regis et per visum predictorum. Et pro quatuor xx. et 1. eskeppa frumenti, 137. 19s., per idem breve ad muniendum predictum castellum. Et pro ferro, 71. 78. 4d., per idem breve. Et pro 500 caseis, 67. 108., per idem breve. Et pro sale, 100s., per idem breve. Et in operacione fossati de eodem castello, 45s. 4d., per idem

breve.

32 Hen. II. 1186. In operacione camera Carleolii, 261., per breve regis. Et in operacione pontis castelli Carleolii, 62s. 7d., per idem breve.

33 Hen. II. 1187. Et in operacione cameræ regis in castro Carleolii et in parvæ turris in eodem castro, 417. 14s. 7d., per idem breve regis et per visum Wiberti filii Hacuni et Ricardi filii Walteri. Et pro prosternanda materia ad emendandam trabetram magne turris, 10s., per idem breve.

34 Hen. II. 1188. Et in operacione cameræ regis in castro de Carleolii, et pro planchianda turri in eodem castello, 131. 68. 8d., per breve regis et per visum Ricardi filii Walteri et Wiberti filii Hacuni. Et item ad perficiendam predictam cameram, 77s. 6d., per idem breve et per visum

Onini.

3 Ric. I. 1192. Et in operacione castelli de Carleolii, 147., per breve cancellarii et per visum Reginaldi Bradfot et Ricardi filii Akuni.

4 Ric. I. 1193. Et Willielmo filio Aldelino Vicecomiti, 607., pro custodia castelli de Carleolio de tribus annis præteritis, per breve regis.

8 Ric. I. 1197. Et in reparacione gaiole castri de Karleolo, 40s., per breve H. Cant. Archiep. Et in operacione porte castelli de Karleolo, 1008., per breve regis.

1 John. 1199. Et in operacionibus quos H. Bard posuit in castello de Carduil, 348. 7d., per breve regis. Et in guarnistura quæ posuit in castello de Appelbi et de Carduil et Pontefract et Baenburc, 801., per breve G. filii Petri.

2 John. 1200. Et in warnistura castelli de Carduil pro 200 sumis frumenti, 407. Et pro 120 baconibus, 107., per breve regis. Et pro 13 tonellis vini ad prædictam warnisturam de quibus quinque ducta fuerunt ad Carduil a Lenna ad prædictam warnisturam, 271. 17s. 1d. Et pro quingentis caseis et 120 buratis, 97. 10s. Et pro 20 quarteriis salis, 40s.

5 John. 1204. Et in sustentatione militum qui fuerunt in castello de Karduil, 121., per breve regis. Et in reparacione portarum et domorum regis in castello de Carduil, 617. 10s. 9d., per breve regis.

6 John. 1205. Et in reparacione castelli de Carduil, 1167. 4s. 1d., per breve regis et per visum Alari filii Onin et Will. de Ripun. Et in warnistura predicti castelli pro frumento et baconibus et aliis necessariis, 50 marcas, per breve regis.

CHAPTER III.

HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.

THE kingdom of Northumberland, as its name imports, originally comprised within its limits all that district which lies north of the river Humber. Nothing certain is known about the people who possessed the country before it was reduced by the Romans. Our knowledge must necessarily be scanty in whatever concerns the infancy of time. Whoever, therefore, attempts to elucidate the history of the aborigines can only vaguely speak of the migrations of the Celtic race, of the Scythians, the Cimbri, the Picts, or the Britons. The earlier inhabitants of Northumberland may have felt the influence of each tide of colonisation as it rolled on; but we shall probably never ascertain any facts that can be depended upon until we turn from the days of barbarism to those of civilisation as first introduced by the Romans.

About the year 80 these people had penetrated through Northumberland, and reached the Tay; when, gradually mingling themselves with the native population, they left upon the stern Northumbrians the impress of their own habits and refinement. For upwards of three centuries the foreign intruders held a fluctuating and uncertain sway over the north of England; nor did even the erection of those two gigantic barriers which traverse the kingdom from sea to sea effectually secure them in its possession.

The legions were recalled to defend the Roman capital itself against the invasions of the Goths, and during their absence the Britons threw off the yoke the late occupants had endeavoured to impose. Northumberland was thus once more exposed to the assaults of a foreign enemy, and in a very few years (449) the Angles effected a settlement

H