ART. 25. WHEN it is required to find the difference be tween two numbers, the process is called Subtraction. The operation is the reverse of addition. Ex. 1. John has 7 oranges, and his sister but 4; how many more has John than his sister? ILLUSTRATION. To solve this question, we first inquire what number added to 4 will make 7. From addition we learn that 4 and 3 are 7; consequently, if 4 oranges be taken from 7 oranges, 3 will remain. Hence John has 3 oranges more than his sister. QUESTIONS. - Art. 25. What does subtraction teach? Of what is it the reverse? The following table will be of service to facilitate the progress of the learner in the solution of questions in subtraction. 2. Thomas had five oranges, and gave two of them to John; how many had he left? 3. Peter had six marbles, and gave two of them to Samuel; how many had he left? 4. Lydia had four cakes; having lost one, how many had she left? 5. Daniel, having eight cents, gives three to Mary; how many has he left? 6. Benjamin had ten nuts; he gave four to Jane, and three to Emily; how many had he left? 7. Moses gives eleven oranges to John, and eight to Enoch; how many more has John than Enoch? 8. Agreed to labor for a man twelve days; how many remain, after I have been with him five days? 9. I owed Thomas nine dollars, and, having paid him seven, how many remain due? 10. From ten dollars, I paid four dollars to one man, and three dollars to another; how much have I left? 11. Timothy had eleven marbles, and lost seven; how many had he left? 12. John is thirteen years old, and his brother Thomas is seven; how much older is John than Thomas ? 4 less 1? 13. From fifteen dollars, I paid five; how many had I left? 14. Sold a barrel of flour for eight dollars, and a bushel of wheat for two dollars; what was the difference in the prices? 15. Paid seven dollars for a pair of boots, and two dollars for shoes; how much did the boots cost more than the shoes? 16. How many are 4 less 2? 17. How many are 4 less 3? 18. How many are 5 less 2? 19. How many are 6 less 1? 20. How many are 7 less 2? 21. How many are 8 less 6? 4? 8 less 1? 4 less 4? 5 less 1? 5 less 5? 5 less 3? 5 less 4? 6 less 2? 6 less 4? 6 less 5? 7 less 3? 7 less 4? 7 less 6? 8 less 5? 8 less 2? 8 less 11 less 3? 10 less 1? 24. How many are 11 less 9? 11 less 7? 11 less 5? less 3 ? 11 less 4 ? 25. How many are 12 less 10? 12 less 8? 12 less 6? 12 less 4? 12 less 7? 26. How many are 13 less 11? 13 less 10? 13 less 9 ? 13 less 5? 27. How many are less 6? 14 less 7? 28. How many are less 7? 15 less 9? 13 less 7? 14 less 9? 14 less 8? 14 14 less 11? 14 less 3? 15 less 2? 15 less 13? 29. How many are 16 less 3? less 9? 16 less 11? 16 less 15? 30. How many are 17 less 1? less 7? 17 less 8? 17 less 12? 31. How many are 18 less 2? 18 less 4? less 8? 18 less 10? 18 less 12? 32. How many are less 7 ? 19 less 9? 17 less 3? 33. How many are 20 less 5? 20 less 8? 20 less 9? 20 less 12? 20 less 15? 20 less 19❜ 34. Bought a horse for 60 dollars, and sold him for 90 dollars; how much did I gain? ILLUSTRATION. We may divide the two prices of the horse into tens, and subtract the greater from the less. Thus 60 equals 6 tens, and 90 equals 9 tens; 6 tens from 9 tens leave 3 tens or 30. Therefore I gained 30 dollars. 35. Sold a wagon for 70 dollars, which cost me 100 dollars; how much did I lose? 36. John travels 30 miles a day, and Samuel 90 miles; what is the difference? 37. I have 100 dollars, and after I shall have given 20 to Benjamin, and paid a debt of 30 dollars to J. Smith, how many dollars have I left ? 38. John Smith, Jr. had 170 dollars; he gave his oldest daughter, Angeline, 40 dollars, his youngest daughter, Mary, 50 dollars, his oldest son, James, 30, and his youngest son, William, 20 dollars; he also paid 20 dollars for his taxes; how many dollars had he remaining? ART. 26. The pupil, having solved the preceding questions, will perceive, that SUBTRACTION is the taking of a less number from a greater to find the difference. The greater number is called the Minuend, and the less number, the Subtrahend.* The answer, or number found by the operation, is called the Difference or Remainder. ART. 27. SIGNS. Subtraction is denoted by a short horizontal line, thus, signifying minus or less. It indicates that the number following is to be taken from the one that precedes it. The expression 6-24 is read, 6 minus, or less, 2 is equal to 4. * The words minuend and subtrahend are derived from two Latin words, the former from minuendum, which signifies to be diminished or made less, and the latter from subtrahendum, which means to be subtracted or taken away. QUESTIONS. - Art. 26. What is subtraction? What is the greater number called? What is the less number called? What the answer? Art. 27. What is the sign of subtraction? What does it signify and indicate? EXERCISES FOR THE SLATE. ART. 28. Method of operation, when the numbers are large, and each figure in the subtrahend is less than the figure above it in the minuend. Ex. 1. Let it be required to take 245 from 468, and to find their difference. Ans. 223. OPERATION. Minuend 468 In this operation, we place the less number under the greater, units under units, tens under tens, &c., and draw a line below them. We then begin at the right hand, and say, 5 from 8 leaves 3, and write the 3 directly below. We then say, 4 from 6 leaves 2, and write the 2 below the line, as before, and proceed with the next figure and say, 2 from 4 leaves 2, which we also write below. We thus find the difference to be 223. ART. 29. First Method of Proof.· - Add the remainder and the subtrahend together, and their sum will be equal to the minuend, if the work is right. This method of proof depends on the obvious principle, That the greater of any two numbers is equal to the less added to the difference between them. 2. OPERATION. Minuend 547 OPERATION AND PROOF. OPERATION. OPERATION AND PROOF. Subtrahend 235 235 Remainder 312 312 Min. 5 47 4. From 684 Take 462 5. 6. 735 864 523 651 8. A farmer paid 539 dollars for a span of fine horses, and sold them for 425 dollars; how much did he lose? Ans. 114 dollars. 9. A farmer raised 896 bushels of wheat, and sold 675 bushels of it; how much did he reserve for his own use? Ans. 221 bushels. - QUESTIONS. Art 28. How are numbers arranged for subtraction? Where do you begin to subtract? Why? Where do you write the difference? Art. 29. What is the first method of proving subtraction? What is the reason of this proof, or on what principle does it depend? |