Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human AppearanceThis scholarly work is the most comprehensive existing resource on human physical appearance—how people’s outer physical characteristics and their inner perceptions and attitudes about their own appearance (body image) affect their lives. The encyclopedia’s 117 full-length chapters are composed and edited by the world’s experts from a range of disciplines—social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. The extensive topical coverage in this valuable reference work includes: (1) Important theories, perspectives, and concepts for understanding body image and appearance; (2) Scientific measurement of body image and physical attributes (anthropometry); (3) The development and determinants of human appearance and body image over the lifespan: (4) How culture and society influences the meanings of human appearance; (5) The psychosocial effects of appearance-altering disease, damage, and visible differences; (6) Appearance self-change and self-management; (7) The prevention and treatment of body image problems, including psychosocial and medical interventions. Chapters are written in a manner that is accessible and informative to a wide audience, including the educated public, college and graduate students, and scientists and clinical practitioners. Each well-organized chapter provides a glossary of definitions of any technical terms and a Further Reading section of recommended sources for continued learning about the topic. Available online via ScienceDirect or in a limited-release print version.
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Contents
Face and Body in Motion Nonverbal Communication | 425 |
Face and Hand Transplantation | 431 |
Feminist Perspectives on Body Image and Physical Appearance | 438 |
Cover | 445 |
Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance | i |
Copyright | iv |
EditorinChief | v |
Associate Editors | vii |
58 | |
66 | |
74 | |
82 | |
Body Image among African Americans | 89 |
Body Image among Asian Americans | 95 |
Body Image among Gay Lesbian and Bisexual Individuals | 103 |
Body Image among HispanicsLatinos | 108 |
Body Image among Older Adults | 114 |
Body Image and Fat Talk | 120 |
Body Image and Gender Roles | 128 |
Body Image and Personality | 135 |
Body Image and SelfEsteem | 141 |
Body Image and Sexual Functioning | 148 |
Body Image and Social Class | 153 |
Body Image and SportsAthletics | 160 |
Body Image Behaviors Checking Fixing and Avoiding | 166 |
Body Image Change and Prevention DissonanceBased Approaches | 173 |
Body Image Development Adolescent Boys | 180 |
Body Image Development Adolescent Girls | 187 |
Body Image Development Adult Men | 194 |
Body Image Development Adult Women | 201 |
Body Image Development Boy Children | 207 |
Body Image Development Girl Children | 212 |
Body Image Familial Influences | 219 |
Body Image in Dance and Aesthetic Sports | 226 |
Body Image in Mood and Psychotic Disorders | 233 |
Body Image in NonWestern Societies | 238 |
Body Image in Social Contexts | 243 |
Body Image Issues among Individuals with HIV and AIDS | 250 |
Body Image Peer Influences | 257 |
Body Weight and Body Image in Adults | 264 |
Body Weight and Body Image in Children and Adolescents | 270 |
Breast Reconstruction and Breast Reduction Surgeries | 275 |
Breast Size | 282 |
Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder | 293 |
Burn Injuries The Social and Emotional Impact of Scarring | 300 |
Cancers | 307 |
Childrenx02019s Media Influences | 314 |
Clothing and Adornment Social Psychology Perspectives | 320 |
CognitiveBehavioral Body Image Therapy | 327 |
CognitiveBehavioral Perspectives on Body Image | 334 |
Congenital Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Malformations | 343 |
Cosmetic Surgical and NonSurgical Procedures for the Face | 350 |
Cosmetic Surgical Procedures for the Body | 360 |
Cosmetics Use Psychological Perspectives | 366 |
Dental and Orthodontic Treatments | 372 |
Dieting Chronic | 380 |
Dolls and Action Figures | 386 |
Drug Use Appearance and PerformanceEnhancing | 392 |
Endocrine Conditions | 399 |
Evolutionary Perspectives on Physical Appearance | 404 |
Exercise Effects on Body Image | 412 |
Experiential and Somatopsychic Approaches to Body Image Change | 418 |
List Of Contributors | xi |
Guide To Using The Encyclopedia | xvii |
Preface | xix |
Gender Disorder Transgenderism and Transsexuality | 445 |
Genetics and Human Appearance | 453 |
Genitalia | 460 |
Gynecologic Conditions and Body Image A Lifetime Perspective | 468 |
Hair Body and Facial | 475 |
Hair Loss Effects and SurgicalDrug Treatments for the Alopecias | 482 |
Hair Styling and Coloring | 490 |
Internalization of ThinIdeal and MuscularIdeal | 499 |
Measurement and Stability of Physical Attractiveness Judgments | 505 |
Measurement of Body Image in Adolescence and Adulthood | 512 |
Measurement of Body Image in Childhood | 521 |
Measurement of Perceptual Body Image | 526 |
Measurement of Physical SelfConfidenceCompetence | 533 |
Media Influences on Female Body Image | 540 |
Media Influences on Male Body Image | 547 |
Medically Induced Iatrogenic Adverse Changes in Appearance | 554 |
Muscularity and Body Image | 561 |
Neuroscientific Perspectives on Body Image | 568 |
Objectification Theory SelfObjectification and Body Image | 574 |
Occupational and Economic Consequences of Physical Attractiveness | 581 |
Physical Appearance and Stigma | 588 |
Physical Appearance Changes across Adulthood Men | 595 |
Physical Appearance Changes across Adulthood Women | 602 |
Physical Appearance Changes in Childhood and Adolescence Boys | 608 |
Physical Appearance Changes in Childhood and Adolescence Girls | 615 |
Physical Attractiveness and Personality | 622 |
Physical Attractiveness Dating Mating and Social Interaction | 629 |
Physical Attractiveness Stereotyping | 636 |
Physical Disability and Body Image in Adults | 644 |
Physical Disability and Body Image in Children | 650 |
Positive Psychology Perspectives on Body Image | 657 |
Pregnancy Physical and Body Image Changes | 664 |
Preventing Body Image Problems Digitally Delivered Interventions | 669 |
Preventing Body Image Problems Ecological and Activism Approaches | 674 |
Preventing Body Image Problems Public Policy Approaches | 680 |
Preventing Body Image Problems SchoolBased Approaches | 686 |
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Body Image | 693 |
Psychological Trauma and Body Image | 700 |
Race Ethnicity and Human Appearance | 707 |
SelfDiscrepancy Theory and Body Image | 711 |
SelfMutilation and Excoriation | 724 |
Skin Color | 730 |
Skin Conditions | 738 |
Smoking and Body Image | 745 |
Social Comparison Theory and Body Image | 751 |
Sociocultural Perspectives on Body Image | 758 |
Surveys and the Epidemiology of Body Image Dissatisfaction | 766 |
Tanning Natural and Artificial | 775 |
Teasing AppearanceRelated | 783 |
Traumatic Injuries and Body Image | 790 |
WeightLoss Programs Commercial and Popular Diets | 798 |