vessel detained, as above stated, her master, her crew, and her cargo, before the competent tribunals of the country to which she belongs; and they shall be tried and adjudged according to the established forms and laws in force in that country; and if it results from the proceedings that the said vessel was employed in the slave trade, or fitted out for that traffic, the vessel, her fittings, and her cargo of merchandise, shall be confiscated; and the master, the crew, and their accomplices, shall be dealt with conformably to the laws by which they shall have been tried.

In case of confiscation, the proceeds of the sale of the aforesaid vessel shall, within the space of six months, reckoning from the date of the sale, be placed at the disposal of the Government of the country to which the ship which made the capture belongs, in order to be employed in conformity with the laws of that country.

ART. XI.-If any one of the articles specified in Article IX. of the present treaty is found on board a merchant vessel, or if it is proved to have been on board of her during the voyage in which she was captured, no compensation for losses, damages, or expenses, consequent upon the detention of such vessel, shall in any case be granted, either to the master or to the owner, or to any other person interested in the equipment or in the lading, even though a sentence of condemnation should not have been pronounced against the vessel, as a consequence of her detention.

ART. XII.—In all cases in which a vessel shall have been detained in conformity with the present treaty, as having been employed in the slave trade, or fitted out for that traffic, and shall, in consequence, have been tried and confiscated, the Government of the cruiser which shall have made the capture, or the Government whose tribunal shall have condemned the vessel, may purchase the condemned vessel for the service of its Royal navy, at the price fixed by a competent person, selected for that purpose by the said tribunal. The Government whose cruiser shall have made the capture shall have a right of preference in the purchase of the vessel. But if the condemned vessel should not be purchased in the manner above pointed out, she shall be wholly broken up immediately after the sentence of confiscation, and sold in separate portions after having been broken up.

ART. XIII. When by the sentence of the competent tribunal it shall have been ascertained that a merchant vessel detained in virtue of the present treaty was not engaged in the slave trade, and was not fitted out for that traffic, she shall be restored to the lawful owner or owners. And if, in the course of the proceedings, it shall have been proved that the vessel was searched and detained illegally, or without sufficient cause of suspicion; or that the search and detention were attended with abuse or vexation, the commander of the cruiser or the officer who shall have boarded the said vessel, or the officer who shall have been intrusted with bringing her in, and under whose authority, according to the nature of the case, the abuse or vexation shall have occurred, shall be liable in costs and damages to the masters and the owners of the vessel and of the cargo.

These costs and damages may be awarded by the tribunal before which the proceedings against the detained vessel, her master, crew, and cargo, shall have been instituted; and the Government of the country to which the officer who shall have given occasion for such award shall belong, shall pay the amount of the said costs and damages within the period of six months from the date of the sentence, when the sentence shall have been pronounced by a tribunal sitting in Europe; and within the period of one year when the trial shall have taken place out of Europe.

ART. XIV. When in the search or detention of a merchant vessel effected in virtue of the present treaty any abuse or vexation shall have been committed, and when the vessel shall not have been delivered over to the jurisdiction of her own nation, the master shall make a declaration upon oath of the abuses or vexations of which he shall have to complain, as well as of the costs and damages to which he shall lay claim; and such declaration shall be made by him before the competent authorities of the first port of his own country at which he shall arrive, or before the consular agent of his own nation at a foreign port, if the vessel shall in the first instance touch at a foreign port where there is such an agent.

The declarations shall be verified by means of an examination upon oath of the principal persons amongst the crew or the passengers, who shall have witnessed the search or detention; and a formal statement of the whole shall be drawn up, two copies whereof shall be delivered to the master, who shall forward one of them to his Government, in support of his claim for costs and damages.

It is understood, that if any circumstance beyond control shall prevent the master from making his declaration, it may be made by the owner of the vessel, or by any other person interested in the equipment or in the lading of the vessel.

On a copy of the formal statement above mentioned being officially transmitted to it, the Government of the country to which the officer to whom the abuses or vexations shall be imputed shall belong, shall forthwith institute an inquiry; and if the validity of the complaint shall be ascertained, that Government shall cause to be paid to the master or the owner, or to any other person interested in the equipment or lading of the molested vessel, the amount of costs and damages which shall be due to him.

ART. XV. - The high contracting parties engage reciprocally to communicate to each other, when asked to do so, and without expense, copies of the proceedings instituted, and of the judgments given, relative to vessels searched or detained in execution of the provisions of this treaty.

ART. XVI. The high contracting parties agree to insure the immediate freedom of all the slaves who shall be found on board vessels detained and condemned in virtue of the stipulations of the present

treaty.

XVII. The high contracting parties agree to invite the maritime

powers of Europe, which have not yet concluded treaties for the abolition of the slave trade, to accede to the present treaty.

ART. XVIII. -The acts or instruments annexed to the present treaty, and which it is mutually agreed to consider as forming an integral part thereof, are the following:

A. Forms of warrants of authorization, and of orders for the guidance of the cruisers of each nation, in the searches and detentions to be made in virtue of the present treaty.

B. Instructions for the cruisers of the naval forces employed in virtue of the present treaty, for the suppression of the slave trade.

ART. XIX. The present treaty, consisting of nineteen articles, shall be ratified, and the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged at London at the expiration of two months from this date, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present treaty, in English and French, and have thereunto affixed the seal of their arms.

Done at London, the 20th day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1841.

ABERDEEN.
KOLLER.

ST. AULAIRE.
SCHLEINITZ.

BRUNOW.

1. Whenever a merchant vessel belonging to, or bearing the flag of, any one of the high contracting parties, shall be visited by a cruiser of any one of the other high contracting parties, the officer commanding the cruiser shall, before he proceeds to visit the said vessel, exhibit to the master of such vessel the special orders which confer upon him by exception the right to visit her; and he shall deliver to such master a certificate, signed by himself, specifying his rank in the navy of his country, and the name of the ship which he commands, and declaring that the only object of his visit is to ascertain whether the vessel is engaged in the slave trade, or is fitted out for the purpose of such traffic, or has been engaged in that traffic during the voyage, in which she has been met with by the said cruiser. When the visit is made by an officer of the cruiser other than her commander, such officer shall not be under the rank of lieutenant in the navy; unless he be the officer who at the time is second in command of the ship by which the visit is made; and in this case, such officer shall exhibit to the master of the merchant vessel a copy of the special orders above mentioned, signed by the commander of the cruiser; and shall likewise deliver to such master a certificate, signed by himself, specifying the rank which he holds in the navy of his country, the name of the cominander under whose orders he is acting, the name of the cruiser to which he belongs, and the object of his visit as heretofore recited.

If it shall be ascertained by the visit that the ship's papers are regular, and her proceedings lawful, the officer shall certify upon the log-book of the vessel, that the visit took place in virtue of the special orders above mentioned; and when these formalities shall have been completed, the vessel shall be permitted to continue her

course.

2. If, in consequence of the visit, the officer commanding the cruiser shall be of opinion that there are sufficient grounds for believing that the vessel is engaged in

the slave trade, or has been fitted out for that traffic, or has been engaged in that traffic during the voyage in which she is met with by the cruiser; and if he shall in consequence determine to detain her, and to have her delivered up to the jurisdiction of the competent authorities, he shall forthwith cause a list to be inade out, in duplicate, of all the papers found on board, and he shall sign this list and the duplicate, adding, after his own name, his rank in the navy, and the name of the vessel under his command.

He shall, in like manner, make out and sign, in duplicate, a declaration, stating the place and time of the detention, the name of the vessel, and that of her master, the names of the persons composing her crew, and the number and condition of the slaves found on board.

This declaration shall further contain an exact description of the state of the vessel and her cargo.

3. The commander of the cruiser shall, without delay, carry or send the detained vessel, with master, crew, passengers, cargo, and the slaves found on board, to one of the ports hereinafter specified, in order that proceedings may be instituted in regard to them, conformably to the laws of the country under whose flag the vessel is sailing; and he shall deliver the same to the competent authorities, or to the persons who shall have been specially appointed for that purpose by the Government to whom such port shall belong.

4. No person whatever shall be taken out of the detained vessel; nor shall any part of her cargo, nor any of the slaves found on board, be removed from her, until after such vessel shall have been delivered over to the authorities of her own nation; unless the removal of the whole or part of the crew, or of the slaves found on board, shall be deemed necessary, either for the preservation of their lives, or from any other consideration of humanity, or for the safety of the persons who shall be charged with the navigation of the vessel after her detention. In any such case, the commander of the cruiser, or the officer appointed to bring in the detained vessel, shall make a declaration of such removal, in which he shall specify the reasons for the same; and the masters, sailors, passengers, or slaves so removed, shall be carried to the same port as the vessel and her cargo, and they shall be received in the same manner as the vessel, agreeably to the regulations hereinafter set forth.

Provided always, that nothing in this paragraph shall be understood as applying to slaves found on board of Austrian, Prussian, or Russian vessels.

[The foregoing, together with several other articles of instructions, describing the ports to which the vessels detained shall be sent for adjudication, according to the flag to which they belong, and the sea in which they may be captured, and also the forms of proceeding on arrival at those ports, were annexed to the foregoing treaty, and signed on the same day. The treaty having been signed by the five Powers, December 20, was ratified by four of the said Powers, and the ratifications were exchanged at London on the 19th of February; it being understood, that the protocol should be kept open for the ratification of France on any subsequent day.]

THE CALCULATING MACHINE.

THERE are few efforts of the mind more fatiguing, more irksome, dry, and monotonous, than the drudgery of making long calculations. The fixed and unceasing attention to a subject in itself devoid of in

terest, when the slightest intrusion of thought or fancy destroys the work already done, and compels us to return our weary way, is enough to addle and stupify the brain. No wonder, then, that, from times immemorial, the ingenuity of man should have been directed to the discovery of some contrivance, whereby this wearisome labor might be lightened or abridged. Hence the invention of calculating instruments and mechanical aids of various kinds. This long-sought desideratum appears at length to have been obtained; but before we present to our readers some account of the latest attempts of this kind, we will take a rapid glance at the various endeavors previously made to accomplish the end in view, and which will place in a more conspicuous light the merits of this new invention.

The instruments hitherto contrived for assisting or abbreviating calculations may be classified as follow:

1. Such as supersede the mere setting down of figures, but require as close an application of the mind as common arithmetic. To this class belong the calculating boxes of the Russians and Chinese, where the figures are represented by balls moved by wires. Even the Romans possessed an instrument of this kind, called Abacus, in which the figures were indicated by buttons running in grooves.

2. To another class belong such instruments as are constructed on the following principle, viz.: Two long slender rules are divided into 100 equal parts, those parts being numbered from 0 to 100, and are thus used: If, for instance, it be desired to add 17 to 23, the rules must be so placed that the 0 of one shall be exactly opposite to 17 in the other, then by finding 23 on the first, you will have below it on the second, the number 40 as the result. If, on the contrary, you wish to subtract one number from another, as 13 from 30, the number 13 on one rule must be brought opposite to 30 on the other, and the 0 of the former you will find 17, the remainder. Such contrivances, being of very limited utility, and partaking more of the character of toys than of practical inventions, have long since sunk into oblivion. Instruments on this principle, some square, and others of a circular form, have been produced by Perrault, in 1720; Poetins, in 1728; Peregre in 1750; Prahl in 1789; Gruson in 1790; Guble in 1799, &c.

3. A third class of instruments for assisting calculators comprises the " Virgulæ Napierinæ," as likewise the other works of this celebrated Scotchman, namely, his "Multiplicationis Promptuarium" and his "Abacus Arcalis," in 1617, and his "Rhabdologia." In his footsteps followed Caspar Scott, 1620; Demeam, in 1731; Lordan, in 1798; Leopold, Pelit, and others.

4. Equally well known with the foregoing, is the calculating scale, so much used by the English in mechanics, which was invented by Michael Scheffelt, of Ulm, in 1699.

All the contrivances above enumerated, and others which we pass over in this brief sketch, do certainly diminish the labor of arithmetical calculations, more or less, but they all require the attention to be