traduntur, ea nec affirmare, nec refellere, in animo est. Datur haec venia antiquitati, ut, miscendo humana divinis, primordia urbium augustiora faciat. Et, si cui populo licere oportet consecrare origines suas, et ad Deos referre auctores, ea belli gloria est populo Romano, ut, quum suum conditorisque sui parentem Martem potissimum ferat, tam et hoc gentes humanae patiantur aequo animo, quàm imperium patiuntur. Sed haec et his similia, utcunque animadversa aut existimata erunt, haud in magno equidem ponam discrimine. Ad illa mihi pro se quisque acriter intendat animum, quae vita, qui mores fuerint; per quos viros, quibusque artibus, domi militiaeque, et partum et auctum imperium sit. Labente deinde paullatim disciplinâ, velut desidentes primò mores sequatur animo; deinde ut magis magisque lapsi sint; tum ire coeperint praecipites; donec ad haec tempora, quibus nec vitia nostra, nec remedia pati possumus, perventum est. Hoc illud est praecipuè in cognitione rerum salubre ac frugiferum, omnis te exempli documenta in illustri posita monumento intueri 2; inde, tibi tuaeque reipublicae, quod imitere, capias; inde, foedum inceptu, foedum exitu, quod vites. Caeterùm aut me amor negotii suscepti fallit, aut nulla unquam respublica nec major, nec sanctior, nec bonis exemplis ditior fuit; nec in quam civitatem tam serae avaritia luxuriaque immigraverint; nec ubi tantus ac tam diu paupertati ac parsimoniae honos fuerit. Adeò, quanto rerum minus, tanto minus cupiditatis erat. Nuper divitiae avaritiam, et abundantes voluptates desiderium, per luxum atque libidinem pereundi perdendique omnia, invexere. Sed querelae, ne tum quidem gratae futurae, quum forsitan et necessariae erunt, ab initio certè tantae ordiendae rei absint. Cum bonis potiùs ominibus, votisque ac precationibus Deorum

1 Mihi. Not easily translated, but adding force from the personality, Take my word for it,' so, Livy ii. 29, Pulset tum mihi lictorem, 'Show me the man who will dare to strike a lictor, then.' 2 Hoc illud est, &c. This is the course which you should pursue, as beyond all others salutary and profitable in the study of history, to keep your gaze steadily fixed on its instructions, derived 'from every variety of example, and displayed on a conspicuous mo'nument for your guidance.' Documentum, that which teaches of the past; monumentum, that which admonishes for future guidance.

Dearumque, si, ut poëtis, nobis quoque mos esset, libentiùs inciperemus, ut orsis tanti operis successus prosperos darent.

1

1. JAM primum omnium satis constat, Trojâ captâ, in ceteros saevitum esse Trojanos; duobus, Aeneae Antenorique 2, et vetusti jure hospitii, et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerant, omne jus belli Achivos abstinuisse. Casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Henetûm, qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi, et sedes et ducem, rege Pylaemene ad Trojam amisso, quaerebant, venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici sinum; Euganeisque, qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant, pulsis, Henetos Trojanosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primùm egressi sunt locum, Troja vocatur; pagoque inde Trojano nomen est; gens universa Veneti appellati. Aenean, ab simili clade domo profugum, sed ad majora initia rerum ducentibus fatis 4, primò in Macedoniam

For the proper names, see Index at the end. The reader will do well here to compare with Livy, Homer, Ovid, and especially Virgil. See Index for some references. 2 This reading has been preserved on the authority of all the MSS. instead of Aenea Antenoreque, which is found in many excellent editions. We find the most philosophical exposition of Aeneae Antenorique in the notes of Dr Hunter, whose main doctrine is, the active verb with the ac'cusative, conceived as one term, as one complex verb, is requisite to express the amount of the action done to the object subjoined in 'the dative." It is here stated by Livy that the Greeks kept off, or withheld, every right of war, (abstinuisse omne jus belli.) To 'whom did the Greeks do this? To two persons, Aeneas and Antenor.' The rights of war that the victors possessed over the vanquished were, as is well known, plunder, death to the armed inhabitants, and the slavery of the rest. Pagoque inde, &c. Livy's general practice, as the attentive reader will soon perceive, is to construe both the place or person named, and the name itself, in the dative, when est, and similar verbs are used as a litle below, Trojae et huic loco nomen est. To this, however, there are some exceptions, as, Nomina his Lucumo atque Aruns fuerunt, i. 34. When two substantives, the one of which is an antecedent, a concomitant, or a postcedent of the other, and governs it in the genitive, have an epithet applied to one of them, it may be applied to either as common to both, and is generally coupled with the word most in the writer's view at the time. To illustrate this we may take some instances from our author. We have here majora initia rerum, the beginning being a necessary antecedent of the empire to which it led; here the greatness of the empire infers the greatness

1

venisse, inde in Siciliam quaerentem sedes; delatum ab Siciliâ classe ac Laurentem agrum tenuisse. Trojae et huic loco nomen est. Ibi egressi Trojani, ut quibus ab immenso prope errore nihil, praeter arma et naves, superesset, quum praedam ex agris agerent, Latinus rex Aboriginesque, qui tum ea tenebant loca, ad arcendam vim advenarum armati ex urbe atque agris concurrunt. Duplex inde fama est; alii proelio victum Latinum, pacem cum Aeneâ, deinde 'affinitatem junxisse' tradunt; alii 2, quum instructae 'acies constitissent, priùs quàm signa canerent, processisse Latinum inter primores, ducemque advenarum evocâsse ad colloquium; percunctatum deinde, qui mortales essent, unde, aut quo casu profecti domo, quidve quaerentes in agrum Laurentem exissent; postquam audierit, multitudinem Trojanos esse, ducem Aenean, filium Anchisae et • Veneris, crematâ patriâ et domo profugos, sedem, con'dendaeque urbi locum quaerere, et nobilitatem admiratum 'gentis virique, et animum vel bello vel paci paratum, dex• terâ datâ fidem futurae amicitiae sanxisse. Inde foedus ictum inter duces, inter exercitus salutationem factam. Aenean apud Latinum fuisse in hospitio. Ibi Latinum ' apud penates Deos domesticum publico adjunxisse foedus, 'filiâ Aeneae in matrimonium datâ.' Ea res utique 3 Trojanis spem affirmat tandem stabili certâque sede finiendi erroris. Oppidum condunt. Aeneas ab nomine uxoris Lavinium appellat. Brevi, stirps quòque virilis ex novo matrimonio fuit, cui Ascanium parentes dixere nomen.

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of its beginning; and hence, as Livy's view is principally directed to that beginning, majora initia rerum-the Fates conducting him to found an empire greater from its very commencement. In the 30th chapter we have Hac fiducia virium, the confidence naturally flowed from the strength;—and hence, as Livy looked more to the confidence than the strength, hac and not harum. When the epithet is not attached to the word, which it seems logically to qualify, critics call the transposition an enallage, stating, that these expressions above given, for example, are for majorum initia rerum, harum fiduciâ virium. This critical process is sometimes carried too far, as the usage is founded on the laws of thought. 'The wanderings of Aeneas, after leaving Sicily, described by Virgil, in the early books of the Aeneid, are neglected in this summary. This latter account is the one mainly adopted by Virgil. 3 Ea res utique.

That event, beyond all others,' viz. the marriage between Aeneas and

Lavinia, in which both accounts agree.

1

II. Bello deinde Aborigines Trojanique simul petiti. Turnus Rex Rutulorum, cui pacta Lavinia ante adventum Aeneae fuerat, praelatum sibi advenam aegrè patiens, simul Aeneae Latinoque bellum intulerat. Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit. Victi Rutuli; victores Aborigines Trojanique ducem Latinum amisêre. Inde Turnus Rutulique diffisi rebus, ad florentes Etruscorum opes Mezentiumque, eorum regem, confugiunt; qui, Caere opulento tum oppido imperitans, jam inde ab initio minimè laetus novae origine urbis, et tum nimio plus 2, quam satis tutum esset 'accolis, rem Trojanam crescere' ratus, haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis junxit. Aeneas, adversus tanti belli terrorem ut animos Aboriginum sibi conciliaret, ne 3 sub eodem jure solùm sed etiam nomine omnes essent, Latinos utramque gentem appellavit. Nec deinde Aborigines Trojanis studio ac fide erga regem Aenean cessere. Fretusque bis animis coalescentium in dies magis duorum populorum, Aeneas, quanquam tanta opibus Etruria erat, ut jam non terras solùm, sed mare etiam per totam Italiae longitudinem, ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum, famâ nominis sui implêsset, tamen, quum moenibus bellum propulsare posset, in aciem copias eduxit. Secundum inde proelium Latinis, Aeneae etiam ultimum operum mortalium fuit. Situs est, quemcunque eum dici jus fasque est, super Numicium flumen 4. Jovem indigetem appellant.

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'This indicates, (and jam inde always has a similar force,) dissatisfaction at first, and a continuance of the feeling till the moment in question, 'from the beginning all along up to that time.' ? Nimio plus. Nimio is the ablative of excess, and indicates an extreme degree of the excess expressed by the comparative, in a good or a bad sense, according to the context; here, 'far too 'much for the safety of the neighbouring states." Ne, resoluble into ut non, viz. ut non sub eodem, &c. 4 Situs est. Situs, an adjective derived from, not the participle of, sino, is applied properly, according to Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 22, to those who are buried without the full funeral ritual. This nicety, however, seems to be nowhere observed in other writers. H. S. E, hic situs est, is a common monumental inscription. In the case of Aeneas, we are told by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, (a Greek writer, cotemporary with Livy, to whom we shall have occasion often to refer,) when going over the same ground as Livy, that there were various reports as to the end of Aeneas, some alleging, as his body was nowhere found, that he had been raised to heaven, and others, as in our text. Dionysius

III. Nondum maturus imperio Ascanius Aeneae filius erat; tamen id imperium ei ad puberem aetatem incolume mansit. Tantisper tutelâ muliebri, (tanta indoles in Laviniâ erat,) res Latina et regnum avitum paternumque puero stetit. Haud nihil ambigam, (quis enim rem tam veterem pro certo affirmet?)_hiccine fuerit Ascanius, an major, quàm hic, Creusâ matre Ilio incolumi natus, comesque inde paternae fugae, quem Iulum eundem Julia gens auctorem nominis sui nuncupat1. Is Ascanius, ubicunque et quâcunque matre genitus, (certè natum Aeneâ constat,) abundante Lavinii multitudine, florentem jam, (ut tum res erant,) atque opulentam urbem matri seu novercae 2, reliquit. Novam ipse aliam sub Albano monte condidit; quae, ab situ porrectae in dorso urbis, Longa Alba appellata. Inter Lavinium et Albam Longam coloniam deductam triginta ferme interfuere anni. Tantum tamen opes creverant, maximè fusis Etruscis, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae, nec deinde, inter muliebrein tutelam rudimentumque primum puerilis regni, movere arma aut Mezentius Etruscique, aut ulli alii accolæ ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset. Silvius deinde regnat, Ascanii filius, casu quodam in silvis natus. Is Aenean Silvium creat. Is deinde Latinum Silvium. Ab eo coloniae aliquot deductae, Prisci Latini appellati. Mansit 3 Silviis postea omnibus cognomen, qui Albae regnârunt. Latino Alba ortus, Albâ Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto Tiberinus; qui, in trajectu Albulae amnis submersus, celebre ad posteros nomen flu

also mentions that there was a small chapel erected in his honour, bearing this inscription, Πατρὸς θεοῦ χθονίου ὃς ποταμοῦ Νουμικίου ρευμα διέπει, where Πατρὸς θεοῦ χθονίου evidently corresponds with Jovem indigetem in the last sentence, the supreme local God. Quemcumque eum dici jus fasque est. Jus, ordained or permissible by human, fas by divine law. A religious formula, derived from a fear profanely to misname a deified hero. Haud nihil ambigam. Ambigere,

1. to be in doubt, 2. to dispute, to discuss; nihil ambigere, to refrain from entertaining doubts; haud nihil ambigere, not to refrain from entertaining doubts, not to consider as settled. Hiccine fuerit Ascanius, 'whether this Ascanius be the boy formerly mentioned.' Gens. See Index. 2 Matri, Lavinia, his mother by the one account, novercae, his stepmother by the other. 3 Mansit, &c. 'Thereafter all who reigned at Alba retained the surname of Sil'vius.' See p. 7. note 3.