tiosque fuisse satis constat ; nec ferme res antiqua alia est nobilior1. Tamen in re tam clarâ nominum error 2 manet utrius populi Horatii, utrius Curiatii fuerint. Auctores utròque trahunt; plures tamen invenio qui Romanos Horatios vocent. Hos ut sequar, inclinat animus 3. Cum trigeminis agunt reges, ut pro suâ quisque patriâ, dimi'cent ferro. Ibi imperium fore unde victoria fuerit.' Nihil recusatur; tempus et locus convenit 4. Priùs quàm dimicarent, foedus ictum inter Romanos et Albanos est his legibus, ut, cujusque 5 populi cives eo certamine vicis'sent, is alteri populo cum bonâ pace imperitaret.' Foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterùm eodem modo omnia, fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus, nec ullius vetustior foederis memoria est. Fecialis 6 regem Tullum ita rogavit; 'Jubesne 'me, Rex, cum patre patrato 7 populi Albani foedus ferire?' Jubente rege, Sagmina,' inquit,te, Rex, posco.' Rex ait, Puram tollito.' Fecialis ex arce graminis herbam puram attulit. Postea regem ita rogavit; Rex, facisne

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1 Nobilior, with the same meaning as notabilior, more notorious.' * Error, a wandering- a perplexity' which causes error. 3 Hence he includes, in the 30th chapter, the Curiatii among those that were added to the Roman senate. 4 Convenit. Here we should

expect conveniunt. But it must be confessed that the Latin language is often irregular in this respect, referring more to the meaning than the grammatical form. When the words are synonymous or intimately connected, the singular is often used. So when the verb should be singular we find a plural. Ipse dux cum aliquot principibus capiuntur ; dux cum principibus, used irregularly, as dux et principes. 5 Cujusque for cujuscunque. In the same way Horace uses quandoque for quandocunque.

Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus.' Fecialis. See Index. In the whole of this M. Valerius the Fecialis seems to speak in the name of the whole college. 'Livy gives a little afterwards his derivation of pater patratus, the Fecialis who was the elected delegate of the college of Feciales, and the representative of the people, as factus ad jusjurandum patrandum, id est, sanciendum foedus. 8 Puram, agreeing with herbam, by a grammatical prolepsis, some reading pura. Why puram? Perhaps in the sense of holy, free from guilt, as puro pioque duello, ch. 32. emblematic of outraged innocence. Pliny (xxii. 3.) says, it was plucked from a particular place in the Capitol, with the earth in which it grew. Graminis herbam puram, (Gramen, specifically grass, generically, as here, any herb,) the holy vervain,' the same as sagmina (derived by Festus from sanctus or sancio) and verbena.

'me tu regium nuncium populi Romani Quiritium? vasa, comitesque meos 1?' Rex respondit ; 'Quod sine fraude 'meâ populique Romani Quiritium fiat, facio 2. Fecialis erat M. Valerius; patrem patratum Sp. Fusium fecit, verbenâ caput capillosque tangens. Pater patratus ad jusjurandum patrandum, id est, sanciendum fit foedus; multisque id verbis, quae, longo effata carmine 3, non operae est referre, peragit. Legibus deinde recitatis; Audi,' inquit 4, Jupiter; audi, pater patrate populi Albani; audi tu po'pulus Albanus; ut illa palàm prima postrema ex illis tabulis cerâve recitata sunt sine dolo malo, utique ea hìc • hodie rectissimè intellecta sunt, illis legibus populus Romanus prior non deficiet. Si prior defexit 5 publico con'silio, dolo malo, tu illo die, Jupiter, populum Romanum 'sic ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hìc hodie feriam; tantoque magis ferito, quanto magis potes pollesque.' Id ubi

Vasa, the things carried with one for domestic use, baggage ; hence the common phrase colligere vasa, to pack up the baggage of an army. These, and all his attendants, the rest of the college, probably, he wished to be set apart to this holy service. Quod,

2

fiat, a prayer, fraude meâ, my injury, ' injury to me,' passive, see p. 31, note 3. Meâ populique. This double construction of the pronouns and nouns in connection is observable in all the cases where a difference occurs in their regimen. Perspicuity seems to be the cause of this difference of regimen,-there are two words mei, but only one meum. As a general rule, though not without exceptions, it may be stated, on the authority of Sanctius, ii. 13, that the genitive of the personal pronoun is not used with a governing noun, or where there is a risk of a noun being understood. Thus we say, Liber meus, not mei, to avoid ambiguity; non mea refert, not mei, for the same reason. Yet the notion of the genitive is latent in the possessive pronoun. Thus gratias ageretis vestrae ipsorum virtuti, i. 28, where vestrae agrees with virtuti, and yet ipsorum agrees with the contained notion of vestri, the genitive plural of tu; and again, ii. 8, ut sua unius in his gratia esset, sua agreeing with gratia, yet involving sui, with which unius agrees. The following passage is more singular still. Ovid. Epist. Heroid. v. 45. Et flesti et nostros vi

disti flentis ocellos; nostros agreeing with ocellos, and though plural grammatically, involving logically only mei, with which flentis agrees. The young scholar should also remark the same change of construction in names of places, as Antiochiae, loco celebri. Cic. Pro Archia. 3 Carmine. Any set form of words is called carmen. Generally deponent. Pater patratus inquit.

Effata.

See p. 30, note 2.

5

defexit for defecerit.

• Inquit.

dixit, porcum saxo silice percussit 1. Sua item carmina Albani, suumque jusjurandum per suum dictatorem suosque sacerdotes peregerunt.

XXV. Foedere icto, trigemini, sicut convenerat, arma capiunt. Quum sui utrosque adhortarentur, Deos patrios, 'patriam ac parentes, quidquid civium domi, quidquid in ́exercitu sit illorum tunc arma, illorum intueri manus,' feroces et suopte ingenio, et pleni adhortantium vocibus 2, in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrinque pro castris duo exercitus, periculi magis praesentis quàm curae expertes. Quippe imperium agebatur, in tam paucorum virtute atque fortunâ positum. Itaque ergo erecti suspensique in minimè gratum spectaculum animo intenduntur. Datur signum; infestisque armis velut acies terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt; nec his nec illis periculum suum, publicum imperium servitiumque obversatur animo, futuraque ea deinde patriae fortuna quam ipsi fecissent *. Ut primo statim

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1 Porcum. All authorities are agreed that a sow and not a boar pig was slain on such occasions. If Livy attended to this nicety at all, hunc follows the grammatical gender of the noun, as in Phaedrus, ii. 4, we have sus nemoricultrix become aprum insidiosum. 2 Feroces et suopte, &c. This manner of

' arranging the two copulatives, so frequent in Livy, seems not the 'most logical, and therefore not the most elegant. We should haye expected the first et to be placed before feroces, to make the two clauses logically correspond,' DR HUNTER. Our own language furnishes many examples of the same error, against which the young writer should be on his guard; as There is another use that, in my ' opinion, contributes to make a man rather learned than wise, and ' is neither capable of pleasing the understanding, or imagination.' Addison. It should be, of pleasing neither the understanding nor imagination. 3 Itaque ergo. And thus, therefore,' a curious combination, not uncommon in Livy's writings. ▲ Infestis. See p. 15, note 4. Terni. Note the use of this word, three on ' either side.' Animo, rather the dative, governed by obversatur than the ablative, and then we have an elegant variety of expression, his, illis, animo, being all governed by obversatur. The danger was actually before them, though unheeded, the future result could only be before their imaginations. Unless, indeed, obversatur animo his be the construction-for horum-as xxxix. 42, Loquenti Gallo caput primum percussisse, for loquentis Galli. Supply sed before publicum. To be strictly accurate fecissent should be fecerint. But Livy overlooks the present tense previously used,—concurrunt, obversatur, the meaning being past, though the form is present. See p. 16, note 1.

concursu increpuere arma, micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens spectantes perstringit; et, neutrò inclinatâ spe, torpebat vox spiritusque. Consertis deinde manibus, quum jam non motus tantùm corporum agitatioque anceps telorum armorumque 1, sed vulnera quòque et sanguis spectaculo essent; duo Romani, super alium alius, vulneratis tribus Albanis, exspirantes corruerunt. Ad quorum casum quum conclamâsset gaudio Albanus exercitus, Romanas legiones jam spes tota, nondum tamen cura, deseruerat, exanimes vice unius quem tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Fortè is integer fuit, ut universis solus nequaquam par 2, sic adversus singulos ferox. Ergo, ut segregaret pugnam eorum, capessit fugam, ita' ratus secuturos ut quemque ⚫ vulnere affectum corpus sineret.' Jam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco ubi pugnatum est aufugerat, quum respiciens videt magnis intervallis sequentes, unum haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu rediit; et, dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, uti opem ferant fratri,' jam Horatius, caeso hoste victor, secundam pugnam petebat. Tum clamore, qualis ex insperato faventium solet 4, Romani adjuvant militem suum ; et ille defungi proelio festinat. Priùs itaque quàm alter, qui nec procul aberat, consequi posset, et alterum Curiatium conficit. Jamque, aequato Marte, singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus

3

3

Anceps. Referring not to telorum and armorum, but to the two parties. When tela and arma are contrasted, tela means offensive, arma defensive arms. Arma, as the generic term, may otherwise include tela. "Ut-sic. These words are frequently used by Livy, as introducing antithetical clauses, and ought generally to be translated, though,-yet. Secundam pugnam. Secundus from sequor, 'what fol'lows,' hence' second,' obviously the meaning of it here, with perhaps a play upon the word, and as some think, but in my opinion erroneously, in the second chapter, secundum inde praelium Latinis. From the notion of following, as opposed to adversus, turned to, opposing,' we have down the river,' secundo defluit amni, Virg. Aen. vii. 494, and favourable,' (seconding our efforts,) pugna secunda, a prosperous battle. Hence also the proposition secundum, following, consequent upon,' secundum judicium, (c. 26,)' according to.' Qualis, &c.

Qualis clamor faventium solet oriri ex insperato, like the shouts ' raised in the amphitheatre, by the backers of one of the combatants, ' on the occurrence of any unexpected success.' Faveo is frequently applied to backing a combatant in the public spectacles; thus, vincenti turmae quum sua turma favet. MARTIAL.

pares. Alterum, intactum ferro corpus et geminata victoria, ferocem in certamen tertium dabant ; alter, fessum vulnere fessum cursu trahens corpus, victusque fratrum ante se strage, victori objicitur hosti. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans, Duos,' inquit, fratrum Mani'bus dedi; tertium causae belli hujusce, ut Romanus Al'bano imperet, dabo.' Malè sustinenti arma gladium supernè jugulo defigit; jacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt ; eo majore 2 cum gaudio, quo prope metum res fuerat. Ad sepulturam inde suorum nequaquam paribus animis vertuntur; quippe imperio alteri aucti, alteri 3 ditionis alienae facti. Sepulchra exstant, quo quisque loco cecidit, duo Romana uno loco propiùs Albam, tria Albana Romam versus, sed distantia locis et ut pugnatum est.

XXVI. Priùs quàm inde digrederentur,' roganti Metto, ex foedere icto quid imperaret,' imperat Tullus uti ju'ventutem in armis habeat; usurum se eorum operâ, si 'bellum cum Vejentibus foret.' Ita exercitus inde domos abducti. Princeps Horatius ibat, trigemina spolia prae se gerens; cui soror virgo, quae desponsa uni ex Curiatiis fuerat, obvia ante portam Capenam fuit; cognitoque super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi quod ipsa confecerat, solvit crines, et flebiliter nomine sponsum mortuum appel

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1 Construe ferocem, and not dabant, immediately with in certamen tertium. * Majore, &c. Gronovius suggests the division of majore into magis magno, that magis may be supplied to prope. Livy generally follows prope with an accusative, as here, and prope flumen, c. 27. 3 Alteri-alteri. We say the one, the other.' The Romans often, as here, the other, the other.' Livy might have written hi_alteri. Why then do they so often use this expression? Because the reader's mind, on seeing alteri, is instantly warned of a contrast to follow. The first alteri involves not only hi, but in hac re ab illis differentes, and the second not only illi, but ab his in illa re differentes. They are thus enabled to express contrast in very few words. Alius, alia via, c. 21. Each of the two kings contrastedly different the one from the other, in a way contrastedly different. In this latter passage alius includes both Romulus and Numa. Each with reference to the other is alius, and aliâ viâ includes both war and peace, each being alia in reference to the other. ▲ Paludamento. Not used here in its strict acceptation, which is the military cloak of the general, as contradistinguished from sagum, the dress of the common soldiers.