'sed simul Patres plebemque, arcem urbis, templa Deorum, Penates publicos privatosque hostibus dedi.' Dum haec in foro sedandae discordiae causâ aguntur, consules interim, ne Sabini, ne Vejens hostis moveretur, circa portas murosque discesserant.

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6

1

XVIII. Eâdem nocte et Tusculum de arce captâ Capitolioque occupato, et alio turbatae urbis statu nuncii veniunt. L. Mamilius Tusculi tum dictator erat. Is, confestim convocato senatu atque introductis nunciis, magno opere censet, Ne expectent dum ab Româ legati auxilium 'petentes veniant; periculum ipsum discrimenque, ac so'ciales Deos, fidemque foederum id poscere; demerendi ' beneficio tam potentem, tam propinquam civitatem, nun< quam parem occasionem daturos Deos.' Placet ferri auxilium; juventus conscribitur, arma dantur. Romam primâ luce venientes procul speciem hostium praebuere ; Aequi aut Volsci venire visi sunt. Deinde, ubi vanus terror abiit, accepti in urbem agmine in forum descendunt; ibi jam P. Valerius, relicto ad portarum praesidia collegâ, instruebat aciem. Auctoritas viri moverat affirmantis, Capitolio recuperato et urbe pacatâ, si edoceri se sîssent quae fraus a tribunis occulta in lege ferretur, memorer se majorum suorum, memorem cognominis, quòd pop 'lendi 2 velut hereditaria cura sibi a majoribus tradit, 'concilium plebis non impediturum.' Hunc ducem se uti, nequicquam reclamantibus tribunis, in clivum Capitolium erigunt aciem; adjungitur et Tusculana legio. Certare socii civesque, utri recuperatae arcis suum decus facerent; dux uterque suos adhortatur. Trepidare tum hostes, nec ulli satis rei, praeterquam loco fidere; trepidantibus inferunt signa Romani sociique. Jam in vestibulum perruperant templi, quum P. Valerius inter primores pugnam ciens interficitur. P. Volumnius consularis vidit cadentem; is, dato negotio suis ut corpus obtegerent, ipse in locum vicemque consulis provolat. Prae ardore impetuque tantae rei sensus non pervenit ad militem; priùs vicit quàm

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30

Here se

1 Sissent; for sivissent. Se is used here, as applied to the people, in a clause immediately after, as applied to Valerius. Instances similar to this are by no means rare. See p. 121, note 1. (sinentes) edoceri; affirmantis se affirmantem memorem. cognomen, being Publicola. See II. chap. 8.

2 The

* See p. 49, note 1.

se pugnare sine duce sentiret. Multi exsulum caede suâ foedavere templum, multi vivi capti; Herdonius interfectus. Ita Capitolium recuperatum. De captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est. Tusculanis gratiae actae; Capitolium purgatum atque lustratum. In consulis domum plebes quadran

tes, ut funere ampliore efferretur, jactâsse fertur 2.

XIX. Pace partâ, instare tum tribuni Patribus ut P. • Valerii fidem exsolverent;' instare Claudio, ut collegae 'Deos manes fraude liberaret, agi de lege sineret.' Consul, 'antequam collegam sibi subrogâsset' negare' passurum agi 'de lege.' Hae tenuere 3 contentiones usque ad comitia consulis subrogandi. Decembri mense, summo Patrum

For the general notion conveyed by such phrases as sumere supplicium ab aliquo, see p. 39, note 2. The meaning of the clause suae, &c. is, each man suffered condign punishment in the form suited to his 'condition;' the force of esset is potential,-' chanced to be.' Dionysius tells us that the free men were beheaded, and the slaves crucified. * 43 years before, his father was buried at the public expense; II. 16. Plutarch mentions that his family obtained a burial place in the city as a gift from the state. Perhaps, too, these disastrous tires were further aggravated by another evil, which the Roman

"

pals were unwilling openly to avow. When matters came to such isis that the commons occupied the Capitol in arms,' (accordir to Pionesius, ix,) as was the case immediately before the passin of the Publilian law, where we read of dissensions so violent that the consuls of three successive years were impeached by the tribunes, and a tribune was on the other hand murdered by the aristeracy; when, again, at a somewhat later period, we read of the disputes about the Terentillian law, and hear of the banishment of Kaeso Quinctius for his violence towards the commons on that occasion, we may expect that the whole truth has not been revealed to us, and that the factions of Rome, like those of Greece, were ' attended by the banishment of a considerable number of the vanquished party, so that Roman exiles were often to be found in the 'neighbouring city, as eager to return as the Tarquinii had been for'merly, and as little scrupulous as they of effecting that return through foreign aid. That this was actually the case is shewn by the surprise of the Capitol, in the year 294, when a body of men, consist'ing, as it is expressly said, of exiles' (by inference from Livy, c. 15, but expressly stated by Dionysius,) and slaves, and headed by Ap'pius Herdonius, a Sabine, made themselves masters of the citadel ' of Rome.' Dr Arnold's Rome, vol. i. p. 188. p. 117, note 3.

་

• See

The ordinary time for the con

K

studio, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, pater Kaesonis consul creatur, qui magistratum statim occiperet. Perculsa erat plebes, consulem habitura iratum, potentem favore Patrum, virtute suâ, tribus liberis, quorum nemo Kaesoni cedebat magnitudine animi; consilium et modum adhibendo, ubi res posceret, priores erant. Is ut magistratum iniit, assiduis concionibus pro tribunali, non in plebe coërcendâ quàm senatu castigando vehementior fuit; cujus ordinis languore perpetui jam tribuni plebis, non ut in republicâ populi Romani, sed ut in perditâ domo, linguâ criminibusque regnarent. Cum Kaesone filio suo virtutem, constantiam, ' omnia juventutis belli domique decora pulsa ex urbe Ro'manâ et fugata esse. Loquaces, seditiosos, semina dis'cordiarum, iterum ac tertiùm tribunos pessimis artibus re'giâ licentiâ vivere. A.,' inquit,ille Virginius, quia in Capitolio non fuit, minus supplicii quàm Ap. Herdonius meruit? Plus Hercule aliquanto 2, qui vere rem aestimare velit. Herdonius, si nihil aliud, hostem se fatendo prope • denunciavit 3 ut arma caperetis; hic, negando bella esse, arma vobis ademit nudosque servis vestris et exsulibus objecit. Et vos (C. Claudii pace et P. Valerii mortui loquar) priùs in clivum Capitolinum signa intulistis quan hos hostes de foro tolleretis? Pudet Deorum hominu que. Quum hostes in arce, in Capitolio essent,

et servorum dux, profanatis omnibus, in cellâ Jouitm

opti'mi maximi habitaret, Tusculi antè quàm Romae sunta 'sunt arma. In dubio fuit, utrùm L. Mamilius Tuscula6 nus dux, an P. Valerius et C. Claudius consules Romanam ' arcem liberarent; et qui antè Latinos, ne pro se quidem ipsis, quum in finibus hostem haberent, attingere arma pas'si sumus, nunc, nisi Latini suâ sponte arma sumpsissent, capti et deleti eramus 4. Hoc est, tribuni, auxilium plebi suls to assume office was on the 1st of August. (See p. 200, note 4.) So that the consul subrogatus elected in place of (sub,) 'the deceased' only held office for eight months instead of twelve. 1 The tribune, who had fixed a day for the trial of Kaeso. chap. 11. 2 Supply respondebit aliquis. s See p. 148, note 3, and p. 153, note 2, and try and resolve this sentence on Dr Hunter's principle.

• Nunc, &c.

See

• We

had now been captured and destroyed, if the Latins had not 'taken up arms of their own accord.' It will be observed, that both the Latin and the English idioms employ the indicative, (capti

ferre, inermem eam hosti trucidandam objicere? Scilicet, si ' quis vobis humillimus homo de vestrâ plebe (quam partem,. ‹ velut abruptam a cetero populo, vestram patriam peculiaremque rempublicam fecistis) si quis ex his domum suam ' obsessam a familiâ armatâ nunciaret, ferendum auxilium 'putaretis1; Jupiter Optimus Maximus, exsulum atque servorum septus armis, nullâ humanâ ope dignus erat? Et 'hi postulant ut sacrosancti habeantur, quibus ipsi Dii ne'que sacri neque sancti sunt? At enim 2, divinis humanisque obruti sceleribus, legem vos hoc anno perlaturos dic'titatis! Tum hercule illo die quo ego consul sum creatus, malè gesta respublica est, pejùs multo quàm quum P. Va'lerius consul periit, si tuleritis. Jam primum omnium,' et deleti eramus, we had been taken and destroyed,) with a force equivalent to the subjunctive, (capti et deleti essemus, we should have been taken and destroyed.) In all such passages (as already hinted, p. 177, note 2,) the indicative contains the idea involved in the subjunctive, with the additional force which a positive assertion has over a hypothetical one. 'I have placed a semicolon, instead of a period, after putaretis, as influenced by the interrogation, would you deem, &c. and was Jupiter not worthy?' This seems more indicative 2 In

of the indignant spirit of the address. such expressions at or sed is used to imply any objection to what has been previously hinted at or stated, and the objection is ushered in by enim. Thus Virgil, writing of the Cretan labyrinth, bas (Anovi. 26-27,) inextricabilis error; but correcting himself, he Cays, Magnum reginæ sed enim miseratus amorem, where sed implies an cojection to the epithet inextricabilis, and enim introduces the pro that it was not wholly inextricabilis, as in the case of Ariadne. To perceive the force of the words here requires a nice perception of the allusion to the words sacer and sanctus involved in the three Consecutive sentences. Sacer is sacred from its own divine characte or its connection with the gods, sanctus, inviolable often from mere human institution. The tribunes were sacrosancti, their inviolability (sancti) being secured by the offender of it being devoted (sacri) to the infernal deities, and liable to be slain with impunity; yet, says Appius, indignantly, the tribunes claiming this sacred inviolability would not allow it to the gods themselves; inferring the absurdity of such a claim on their part. But (at) he proceeds, ' is evident, notwithstanding, that you do make this absurd claim; * for, (enim,) although unworthy of divine or human protection, as being overwhelmed with outrages against gods and men, you per'sist in affirming,' &c. It is, I presume, from missing the force of this, that the commentators have placed a mark of interrogation (which I have changed) after dictitatis.

it

1

inquit, Quirites, in Volscos et Aequos mihi atque collegas legiones ducere in animo est. Nescio quo fato, magis bellantes quàm pacati propitios habemus 1 Deos. Quan'tum periculum ab illis populis fuerit si Capitolium ab ex'sulibus obsessum scissent, suspicari de praeterito quàm re ipsâ experiri est melius.'

XX. Moverat plebem oratio consulis; erecti Patres restitutam credebant rempublicam; consul alter, comes animosior quàm auctor, suscepisse collegam priorem actionem tam gravis rei facile passus, in peragendis consularis officii partem ad se vindicabat 2. Tum tribuni, eludentes 3 velut vana dicta, persequi quaerendo quonam modo exercitum ' educturi consules essent, quos delectum habere nemo pas'surus esset?' 'Nobis verò,' inquit Quinctius, nihil delectu opus est, quum quo tempore P. Valerius ad recipiendum Capitolium arma plebi dedit, omnes in verba juraverint "conventuros se jussu consulis, nec injussu abituros 5? Edicimus itaque, omnes qui in verba jurâstis, crastinâ "die armati ad lacum Regillum adsitis." Cavillari tum tribuni et populum exsolvere religione velle; privatum eo tempore Quinctium fuisse, quum sacramento adacti 'sint.' Sed nondum haec, quae nunc tenet saeculum, negligentia deûm venerat ; nec interpretando sibi quisque jusjurandum et leges aptas faciebat, sed suos potiùs mor's ad ea accommodabat. Igitur tribuni, ut impediendae i ulla spes erat, de proferendo exercitu 6 agere; eo magis, quòd

6

1 Quo, as an indefinite, would require the subjunctive; but in such expressions as that in the text, it has no influence on the verb. The leading assertion is contained in the verb following nescio, not in escio itself. Thus the sentence here is not, I do not know by what fate it is that we have,' but, we have, I do not know by what fate.' & According to Gronovius,' In the discharge of the general duties of a con'sul, claimed a share to himself.' According to others, and more probably as a contrast to priorem, ' In carrying through the measures of his colleague against the tribunes claimed to himself a share in the ' exercise of the consular duties.' Sigonius suggests, in peragendis consiliis, consularis officii partem. 3 See p. 67, note 2. chap. 18. 5 See p. 152, note 4.

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4 See

Proferre exercitum,

explained by Doering, as here meaning, to lead the army forward past the lake Regillus; by Ruperti, to put off the departure of the army. Gronovius conjectures perterrendo, Perizonius, exercitus exitu, and Duker, de proferenda cum exercitu. Of the explanations, Ruperti's seems to be preferable; of the conjectures, Duker's,