habuit) rei ad populum Furius et Manlius circumeunt sordidati 1 non plebem magis quàm juniores Patrum. Suadent, monent honoribus et administratione reipublicae absti'neant; consulares verò fasces, praetextam, curulemque 'sellam nihil aliud quàm pompam funeris putent; claris insignibus velut infulis velatos ad mortem destinari. Quòd si consulatûs tanta dulcedo sit, jam nunc ita ' in animum inducant consulatum captum et oppres'sum ab tribuniciâ potestate esse; consuli, velut appa'ritori tribunicio, omnia ad nutum imperiumque tri'buni agenda esse. Si se commoverit, si respexerit Pa'tres, si aliud quàm plebem esse in republicâ crediderit, 'exsilium C. Marcii, Menenii damnationem et mortem 'sibi proponat ante oculos.' His accensi vocibus Patres consilia 2 'inde, non publica, sed in privato seductaque a plurium conscientiâ habere. Ubi quum id modò constaret jure an injuriâ eripiendos esse reos,' atrocissima quaeque maximè placebat sententia; nec auctor quamvis audaci facinori deerat. Igitur judicii die, quum plebs in foro erecta exspectatione staret, mirari primò quòd non descenderet 3 tribunus ;' deinde, quum jam mora suspectior fieret, de'territum a primoribus' credere, et desertam ac proditam causam publicam' queri. Tandem, qui obversati vestibulo tribuni fuerant nunciant domi mortuum esse inventum.' Quod ubi in totam concionem pertulit rumor, sicut acies funditur duce occiso, ita dilapsi passim alii aliò. Praecipuus pavor tribunos invaserat, quàm nihil auxilii sacratae leges haberent morte collegae monitos. Nec Patres satis moderatè ferre laetitiam, adeòque neminem noxae poenitebat ut etiam insontes fecisse videri vellent, palàmque ferretur malo domandam tribuniciam potestatem.'

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LV. Sub hâc pessimi exempli victoriâ delectus edicitur; paventibusque tribunis, sine intercessione ullâ consules rem

The criminal, laying aside his usual robe, (toga alba,) put on a 'sordid, i. e. a ragged and old gown, (sordidam et obsoletam,) and in 'this garb went round and supplicated the citizens; whence sordes ⚫ and squalor is put for guilt, and sordidati or squalidi for criminals.' Dr ADAM. "Gronovius reads concilia. See p. 97, note 1. 3 The forum was in the lower part of the city, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills; hence descendere. See p. 154, note 3.

Intercedere and intercessio are terms applied to that act, by which

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peragunt. Tum verò irasci plebes tribunorum magis silentio quàm consulum imperio, et dicere actum esse de liber'tate suâ; rursus ad antiqua reditum; cum Genucio unâ 'mortuam ac sepultam tribuniciam potestatem. Aliud agendum, ac cogitandum quomodo resistatur Patribus; id ' autem unum consilium esse ut se ipsa plebs, quando aliud ' nihil auxilii habeat, defendat. Quatuor et viginti lictores apparere consulibus, et eos ipsos plebis homines; nihil contemptius, neque infirmius 2, si sint qui contemnant; sibi quemque ea magna atque horrenda facere.' His vocibus alii alios quum incitâssent, ad Voleronem Publilium de plebe hominem, quia quòd ordines duxisset' 3 negaret' se militem fieri debere,' lictor missus est a consulibus. Volero appellat tribunos. Quum auxilio nemo esset, consules spoliari hominem et virgas expediri jubent. Provoco,' inquit, ad populum,' Volero, quoniam tribuni civem Ro'manum in conspectu suo virgis caedi malunt quàm ipsi ' in lecto suo a vobis trucidari.' Quo ferociùs clamitabat, eo infestiùs circumscindere et spoliare lictor. Tum Volero et praevalens ipse et adjuvantibus advocatis repulso lictore, ubi indignantium pro se acerrimus erat clamor, eò se in turbam confertissimam recipit clamitans, Provoco, et fidem plebis imploro. Adeste cives! Adeste commilitones! Nihil 'est quòd exspectetis tribunos, quibus ipsis vestro auxilio Concitati homines veluti ad proelium se expeopus est.' diunt, apparebatque omne discrimen adesse, nihil cuiquam sanctum, non publici fore non privati juris. Huic tantae

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one magistrate authoritatively interrupted another in the exercise of his power. 1 Quatuor, &c. 'That twenty-four lictors attend the 'consuls.' From apparere comes apparitor, a general name for the public servants of the magistrates, i. 8. Dr Adam (page 100 of his Antiquities) seems to think that this passage is inconsistent with the 1st chapter of this book, (where Livy states, Id modo cautum est, ne, si ambo FASCES haberent, duplicatus terror videretur,) and remarks, this must be understood without the city.' There is in reality no inconsistency. 12 lictors preceded one of the consuls only, with the fasces; the other, with an accensus before him, was followed by 12 lictors without the fasces. There were thus in attendance 24 lictors, but only 12 fasces, as in the time of the kings. • Supply eo consulum praesidio esse. See p. 141, note 6. • Spoliare hominem, 'forcibly to strip a man of his garments.' Virgas expedire,

'to unfasten the fasces, and prepare the rods for lashing him.'

tempestati quum se consules obtulissent, facilè experti sunt parum tutam majestatem sine viribus esse. Violatis lictoribus, fascibus fractis e foro in curiam compelluntur incerti quatenus Volero exerceret victoriam. Conticescente deinde tumultu, quum in senatum vocari jussissent, queruntur injurias suas, vim plebis, Voleronis audaciam. Multis ferociter dictis sententiis, vicere seniores, quibus irâ Patrum ́ adversus temeritatem plebis certari' non placuit.

U. C. 282.

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LVI. Voleronem amplexa favore plebs proximis comitiis tribunum plebi creat in eum annum qui L. Pinarium, P. Furium consules habuit. Contraque omnium opinionem, qui eum vexandis prioris anni consulibus 'permissurum' tribunatum' credebant, post publicam causam privato dolore habito, ne verbo quidem violatis consulibus, rogationem tulit ad populum, Ut plebeii magistratus tribu'tis comitiis fierent.' Haud parva res sub titulo primâ specie minimè atroci' ferebatur, sed quae patriciis omnem potestatem per clientium suffragia creandi quos vellent tri'bunos auferret 3.' Huic actioni gratissimae plebi quum summâ vi resisterent Patres, nec, quae una vis ad resistendum erat, ut intercederet aliquis ex collegio auctoritate aut consulum aut principum adduci posset, res tamen, suo ipsa

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1 Permissurum, 'that he would give full reins to the tribunicial 'power,' a favourite metaphor among the Romans, both in prose and verse. Thus, Virgil, Aen. vi. I. Sic fatur lacrymans, classique immittit habenas. Rogare, originally' to ask 'how each man voted;' rogatio, the act of so asking;' hence that which rendered it necessary to ask, a bill.

2

• Crevier

censures Livy for inconsistency, in stating here, that the proposed change in the mode of electing tribunes was haud parva res, and yet in the 60th chapter asserting that it was res major victoria suscepti certaminis quam usu. Hooke in his Roman History endeavours to obviate the charge, by supposing that Livy had in view two distinct effects of the change, in the two sentences. This obviously leaves the matter where it was. We must either, therefore, leave the imputation unanswered, or understand, as I have done, not that ferebatur means, A matter of no small importance was proposed,' (which is evidently the meaning attached to the word by Crevier,) but, the matter was said by the Patricians to be one of no small im'portance.' The Patricians were anxious to secure aristocratic tribunes, (see speech of Appius, chap. 44,) and their fears are expressed in this sentence; in the sentence in the 60th chapter, Livy expresses his own opinion. See p. 181, note 5.

U. C.

molimine gravis, certaminibus in annum extrahitur. Plebs Voleronem tribunum reficit1. Patres ad ultimum dimicationis rati rem venturam Ap. Claudium, Appii filium, jam inde 2 a paternis certaminibus invisum infestum283. que plebi, consulem faciunt. Collega ei T. Quinctius datur. Principio statim anni nihil priùs quàm de lege agebatur. Sed ut inventor legis Volero, sic Laetorius collega ejus auctor 3 quum recentior tum acrior erat. Ferocem faciebat belli gloria ingens, quòd aetatis ejus haud quisquam manu promptior erat. Is, quum Volero nihil praeterquam de lege loqueretur insectatione abstinens consulum, ipse in accusationem Appii familiaeque superbissimae ac crudelissimae in plebem Romanam exorsus, quum 6 a Patribus non consulem, 'sed carnificem ad vexandam et lacerandam plebem creatum ' esse' contenderet, rudis in militari homine lingua non suppetebat libertati animoque. Itaque deficiente oratione, Quandoquidem non facilè loquor,' inquit, Quirites, quàm quod locutus sum praesto, crastino die adeste. Ego hìc aut in conspectu vestro moriar aut perferam legem.' Occupant tribuni templum postero die; consules nobilitasque ad impediendam legem in concione consistunt. Sub'moveri' Laetorius jubet praeterquam qui suffragium in'eant.' Adolescentes nobiles stabant nihil cedentes viatori. Tum ex his prehendi quosdam Laetorius jubet. Consul Appius negare jus esse tribuno in quenquam nisi in plebeium; non enim populi, sed plebis 5 eum magistratum 6 esse. Nec illum ipsum 6 submovere pro imperio posse

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more majorum, quia ita dicatur, "Si vobis videtur, dis"cedite, Quirites." Facilè et contemptim de jure disserendo perturbare Laetorium poterat. Ardens igitur irâ tribunus viatorem mittit ad consulem, consul lictorem ad tribunum, privatum esse' clamitans sine imperio sine 'magistratu "'; violatusque esset tribunus, ni et concio omnis atrox coörta pro tribuno in consulem esset, et concursus

'Reficit,' re-elect.' chap. 27.

Jam inde. See p. 9, note 1, and 3 Inventor legis, the original proposer of a law;' auctor, a supporter,' whether the original proposer or not. Ut, sic.

See p. 44, note 2.

Index, plebs.

4

Supply tam.

5

Populus, plebs. See

Appius asserts,

6 Nec illum ipsum, supply magistratum populi ;

but according to Niebuhr, supply tribunum,

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that being a magistrate of the plebeians only, Laetorius was sine magistratu, as far as regarded the populus.

hominum in forum ex totâ urbe concitatae multitudinis fieret. Sustinebat tamen Appius pertinaciâ tantam tempestatem; certatumque haud incruento proelio foret ni Quinctius consul alter, consularibus negotio dato ut collegam vi, si aliter non possent, de foro abducerent, ipse nunc plebem saevientem precibus lenîsset, nunc orâsset tribunos ut concilium demitterent; darent irae spatium. Non 'vim suam illis tempus adempturum, sed consilium viribus 'additurum; et Patres in populi, et consulem in Patrum 'fore potestate.'

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LVII. Aegre sedata ab Quinctio plebs, multo aegriùs consul alter a Patribus. Dimisso tandem concilio plebis, senatum consules habent. Ubi quum timor atque ira in vicem sententias variâssent, quo magis, spatio interposito, ab impetu ad consultandum advocabantur, eo plus abhorrebant a certatione animi; adeò ut Quinctio gratias agerent, quòd ejus operâ mitigata discordia esset.' Ab Appio petitur, Ut tantam consularem majestatem esse vellet, quanta 2 esse in concordi civitate posset. Dum tribuni consulesque ad se quisque omnia trahant 3, nihil relictum esse virium in medio, distractam laceratamque rempubli'cam, magis quorum in manu sit, quàm ut incolumis sit quaeri.' Appius contrà testari Deos atque homines, ' rempublicam prodi per metum ac deseri; non consulem 'senatui, sed senatum consuli deesse; graviores accipi leges ' quàm in Sacro monte 5 acceptae sint.' Victus tamen Patrum consensu quievit. Lex silentio perfertur.

LVIII. Tum primùm 6 tributis comitiis creati tribuni

'See p. 168, note 1.

5 See chap. 33.

2 Tantam quanta, · as great as,' i. e. no greater than. The greater part of the MSS. and all the early editions have this reading, which is also approved of by Ruperti and Stroth, and given by Doering. Drakenborch, not perceiving the force of the indirect form, reads trahunt, on the ground that dum, with the present time, always takes the indicative. • Some make rempublicam the accusative to quaeri. • That the creation of Comitia Tributa, in which the plebs voted by themselves without the Patricii and their clients who had the Comitia Curiata as their peculiar assembly, effected a change in the Roman constitution, gradually though thoroughly introducing a democratic element, which ultimately placed the plebs on a level with their former masters, the course of Roman history proves. Livy's account differs in many respects from that of Dionysius. The latter states