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Prof. Hart in his German Universities gives the following notice of Leipsic :

Number of Salaries and Income of Professors.

In the summer of 1874 there were 141 professors of all grades and faculties, for 2,940 students, viz., for 399 in Protestant Theology, 1,012 in Jurisprudence and Public Economy; 906 in Philosophy, and 559 in Medicine.

Of the total expenditures, 275,454th go for salaries and the apparatus of instruction, say ninety per cent. of the whole. Even deducting the 18,618 paid to employés would leave the per centage at almost eighty-five.

The above statement takes no account of lecture-fees. These fees, although paid in first instance to the university treasurer, are not entered in the general fund, but are transferred directly to the respective professors. So little are they regarded as an item of university income, that my informant has not even thought it necessary to give them. Assuming that there are 3,000 students, in round numbers, and that each one pays only twenty-five thalers a year,- —a low average, and one that makes ample allowance for such poor students as obtain a remission or abatement of their fees, we get the sum of 75,000, which sum is to be added of course to the 157,863 of official salaries. It is an interesting feature, and one that reveals in the strongest light the radical difference between Germany and America, that what we regard as the main source of sup port for our colleges, their life-blood, is not even entered by the University of Leipsic in the official statement of its income.

The highest salary is about 3,500 thalers, but some of the professors are in receipt of gratuities (Zuschusse) in addition. Thus the ordinarius of the law-faculty has an addition of at least 1,000, the directors of the hospitals have about 600 in addition, and so on. This does not include lecture-fees, which, in many cases, must amount to 2,000 or 3,000. Accordingly our best paid man can not be in receipt of less than 7,000. But this, to be sure, is a highly favored position (eine glänzende Ausnahmestellung). The minimum for an ordinarius is, at present, about 1,000. Most of the ordinarii receive 1,800 to 2,000. The average income of the ordinarii would be 2,500. As to the extra-ordinarii, no fixed rule prevails. A few receive no salary, others receive only 500, others again 1,000. One, if I mistake not, receives 1,200.

These salaries will appear, at first sight, decidedly meager. Yet it should be borne in mind that money is only a relative notion. Whether a person in receipt of a fixed sum is well off or poorly off, depends upon the purchasing power represented by that sum. I should rather take my chances as Ausserordentlicher of the Leipsic faculty with 500 thalers a year, than as an American assistant-professor with $1,000. The Leipsic man has one decided advantage over his American colleague. His official duties are light, and lie altogether in the direction of his chosen studies. He is not called upon to give instruction to classes for twelve, fifteen, or even twenty hours a week, nor is his time frittered away in enforcing

STUDENTS IN WINTER TERM OF 1873-4.

Distributed in the Faculties and States to which they belong:

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THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

PRE-ACADEMIC CAMBRIDGE.

THE original Cambridge was a small settlement in what is now the least academical and fashionable part of it, on the left bank of the river Granta or Cam, forty-eight miles northeast of London. A hill rises above the plain, and on that hill stood the Roman Camboritum. The walls of the old camp or stronghold can now be traced, and Roman coins from the time of Vespasian downwards have been found there. In the earliest Anglo-Saxon period it was known as Grantchester, and a little later as Grantabrydge. With the ascendancy of Cam as the name of the stream, the town became known as Cambridge-derived from the ancient Camboritum, or else from the bridge over the Cam-the earliest structure of the kind in this region.

Its position on the river, commanding the fen country, invited the ravages of the Danes and its almost extinction by them in 871, but secured its renewal and resettlement afterwards, as well as the gradual foundation of religious houses and commercial Fairs, as a center of population, traffic, and local influence. The oldest ecclesiastical structure is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, erected in 1001; the castle was built by William the Conqueror about 1009; Pot Fair, so called from the quantity of earthern ware brought to it, and Stourbridge Fair held in a field near Barnwell, and anciently one of the largest in the kingdom, both antedate the foundation of Peterhouse, the first college; and the guild of merchants, afterwards recognized in the charter of the town, was in existence in 1109, when Joffrid, Abbot of Croyland, sent over to his manor of Cottenham, near Cambridge, Gislebert, with three other learned monks, who first taught their sciences in a hired barn, the germ of what is now the University; and now an Oxford poet thus muses over the grounds, courts, and buildings of seventeen Colleges and Halls on the Cam:

Were ever river banks so fair,
Gardens so fit for nightingales as these?
Were ever haunts so meet for summer breeze,

Or pensive walk in evening's golden air?
Was ever town so rich in court and tower,
To woo and win stray moonlight every hour?

-F. W. Faber.

EXISTING CONSTITUTION AND CONDITION.*

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE is a society of students in all and every of the liberal arts and sciences, incorporated (13th Eliz. c. 29) by the name of "The Chancellor, Masters, and Scho ars of the University of Cambridge." This commonwealth is a Union of seventeen colleges, or societies, devoted to the study of learning and knowledge, and for the better service of the Church and State. All these colleges have been founded since the beginning of the reign of King Edward I., and are maintained by the endowments of their several founders and benefactors. Each college is a body corporate, bound by its own statutes; but is likewise controlled by the paramount laws of the University. The present University Statutes were confirmed by Queen Victoria, by Order in Council, July 31, 1858.

Legislative Branch.

The Legislative Branch of the Government is vested in an Assembly or Congregation, called the Senate, whose acts, votes, or decrees are denominated Graces. No measure can be offered for the consideration or action of the Senate without the sanction of the Council, (formerly known as the Caput Senatus), as established in 1858.

All persons who are Masters of Arts or Laws, or Doctors in one or other of the three faculties, viz., Divinity, Law, and Physic, having their names upon the University Register, have votes in this assembly. Those whose names are removed from the Register lose the right of voting, but may recover it again by replacing their names on the Register and paying all University dues from the time of removal of their names, 180 days being first allowed to elapse after the replacing of the names.

The Council consists of the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, four heads of Colleges, four Professors of the University, and eight other Members of the Senate, chosen from the Electoral Roll, published by the Vice-Chancellor. Two of the heads of Colleges, two of the Professors, and four other Members of the Senate are elected by the Persons whose names are on the Electoral Roll, on the seventh of November in every other year, and they all hold office for four years.

The Electoral Roll is published in the Michaelmas term of each year, and consists of Members of the Senate who have resided within one mile and a half of Great St. Mary's Church for fourteen weeks at the least between the first day of that Michaelmas term and the first day of the preceding Michaelmas term, together with all Officers of the University being Members of the Senate, the Heads of Houses, the Professors, and the Public Examiners.

Before the beginning of each Term, the Vice-Chancellor publishes a list of the several days of that term on which a Congregation or Assembly of the Senate will be held for transacting University business: these fixed days occur about once a fortnight; but in case of emergency, the Vice-Chancellor summons a special Congregation. Three days' notice of Congregations is required to be given. A Congregation may also be held without three days' previous notice, provided at least forty Members of the Senate be present.

Executive Branch.

The Executive Branch of the University consists of the following officers: A Chancellor, who is the head of the whole University, and presides over all cases relating to that body. In him is placed the sole executive authority within the precincts, except in matters of mayhem and felony.

* Authorities.—University Cale dar for 1878; Unty Commissioners' Reports; Scientific Commissioners' Report, 1-73; University Property and Income Report, 1874; Guide to Cambridge, 1874; Everett on the Cam.; Bristed's Five Years at Oxford.

A High Steward, who has special power to take the trial of scholars impeached of felony within the limits of the University, and to hold and keep a leet according to the established charter and custom. He appoints a Deputy. A Vice-Chancellor, who is elected annually on the 4th of November, by the Senate. His office, in the absence of the Chancellor, embraces the execution of the Chancellor's powers, and the government of the University according to her Statutes. He must, by Statute 19 and 20 Vict. c. 88, be the Head of some college; and during his continuance in office he acts as a magistrate for the University, the Town, and the County.

A Commissary, who is an officer under the Chancellor, and appointed by him. He holds a court of record for all privileged persons and scholars under the degree of M. A.

The Sex Viri, elected by Grace of the Senate, to hold office for two years; whose business it is to hear and adjudicate, together with the Vice-Chancellor, all accusations against members of the University who are not in statu pupillari, for offences against the Statutes or Ordinances of the University. They have the power of punishing offenders by the deprivation or suspension of degrees; but there is liberty of appeal to the Senate from their decision. A Public Orator, who is the voice of the Senate upon all public occasions. He writes, reads, and records the letters to and from the body of the Senate, and presents to all honorary degrees with an appropriate speech.

A Librarian, to whom the management of the University Library is confided. A Registrary, who is obliged, either by himself or by deputy properly authorized, to attend all Congregations, to give directions (if it be required) for the due forms of such Graces as are to be propounded, to receive them when passed, and to register them in the University records.

The Assessor is an officer specially appointed, by Grace of the Senate, to assist the Vice-Chancellor in his court, in causis forensibus et domesticis,

Two Proctors, who are peace-officers, elected annually. It is their especial duty to attend to the discipline and behavior of all persons in statu pupi lari, and to search houses of ill-fame. Another part of their duty is to be present at all Congregations of the Senate, to read the Graces, to take the assent or dissent, and to pronounce the same. They must be Masters of Arts or Law of three years' standing at the least, or Bachelors of Divinity. They must also have resided during the major part of each of three terms during the two preceding years.

Two Moderators, nominated by the Colleges which present the Proctors, and appointed by Graces of the Senate. They superintend the examinations of the Candidates for Honors in the Mathematical Tripos.

Two Pro-Proctors, who assist the Proctors in that part of their duty which relates to the discipline and behavior of those persons who are in statu pupillari, and the preservation of public morals; but in the other parts of the Proctors' office they have not any concern, or control.

Two Esquire Bedels, whose office is to attend the Vice-Chancellor, whom they precede with their silver maces upon all public occasions and solemnities; to receive from the Vice-Chancellor the Graces delivered to them, and to deliver them to the Proctors, and to summon to the Chancellor's Court all members of the Senate.

The University Marshals are appointed by the Vice-Chancellor.

The Two Members whom the University sends to the Imperial Parliament are chosen by the collective body of the Senate.

The University Council are appointed by the Senate. The Solicitor is appointed by the Vice-Chancellor.

Syndics are the members of special committees of members of the Senate, appointed by Grace from time to time for specific duties.

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