6. 37, gehni rad 6. 37 (three times); before r: hreaferas I 9. 3, hreafera 19. 46, hræst I 8. 11, hræsto 14. 7, hræwendn I 9. 4, hriord 14. 12, hrippes 19. 21, hriopað 12. 24, gehrinað 11. 46 (for the h in this word cf. Lind. 28, anm. 2); before a vowel: haldormon 5. 5, (hund)hæhtatih 2. 37.

Historical h is lost before a consonant in laferd I 10. 7, ræde 18. 8; in the second member of the compounds: ebolsað 12. 10, ondeto 10. 21, anlapum 4. 40; after an unaccented vowel in næbbende 3. 11. hw appears as ch in chuælc 9. 48.

II. Medial h appears as g in heigsta I 11. 17, suoeger 12. 53, suegir 12. 53, gesig de 9. 52.

Medial simple h and hw are lost between vowels: fleað 8. 13, onfoað 9. 48, &c. (cf. § 53 for other examples); after a voiced consonant and before a vowel, in suira 15. 20 (EB. 529), dyrl 18. 25 (<**yrhil, S. 218; EB. 529), holo I 6. 12, holas 9. 58 (<*holhas, EB. 529). hw is kept in genehuað 16. 13, genehuade 15. 15 (cf. § 61, II).

Medial h is lost after a vowel and before a voiced consonant: hera 22. 26, heanise 5. 4, geneolecað 21. 20, gesene 10. 31, bituen 22. 17 (cf. § 37); and with gemination of the following n :. heannisum 2. 14 (S. 222, anm. 2).

Geminated h remains written as cc in pocca 9. 3. For the retention of h in ehras 6. 1, tæherum 7. 38, tehrum 7. 44, pointing to an earlier gemination, cf. S. 222, anm. 4. The original combinations ht, hs, are retained: leht 11. 35, inlihte 1. 79, æniht 9. 36, reht 13. 16, brohton 23. 1, gesohte I 2. 2, oht 1. 51, &c. ht is written as ght in ænight 20. 40. hs (generally written as x): inlixade 23. 54, oxa 14. 5, awox 2. 40, &c.

Exceptions: wæstmo I 8. 18, wæstmum I 3. 8 (cf. Got. wahsts), seista 1. 26. h has fallen before s also in heiste 1. 32, heista 8. 28, heisto 1. 35, if the syncope of the vowel took place before the fall of h; in which case the development would be: *>hehista *>hehsta *>hesta,

heista (§ 14). If h fell first, the development would be more direct: *hehista *heista. The latter development is more in accordance with North. usage (S. 166, 6), but the form heigsta (cf. above) points rather to the former.

III. Final h remains: feh 8. 43, ahoh 23. 21, bituih 1. 25, &c. It appears as g in geslog 22. 50 (probably on the analogy of the plural), and in the compound wigbed 11. 51 (*wih-beod, S. 43, anm. 4).

CHAPTER XI. GEMINATION, &C.

77. For a treatment of the doubling and the simplification of consonants in relation to the length of the preceding vowels, cf. Luick, Archiv. 102. 58 ff.; Fo. 45.

Gmc. gem. of 1 is found in: all 2. 1, falleð 11. 17, feoll 5. 12, full 11. 39, godspell I 2. 6, spellendo 24. 15, spilleð 17. 33, scilling 15. 9; of r: gecerred 1. 16, &c., eftcerrdon 23. 48, fearr 7. 6, fearra 15. 20, firr 24. 28, gemerras 13. 7, gemerredo I 2. 11; of m: huommes 20. 17; of n: binna 2. 16, acenned I 3. 14, onginnes 13. 25, monno 1. 27, penninga 7. 41, sunna 21. 25, wynnes I 2. 8; of s: cyssende 15. 20, cossetunges 7. 45; of: odde I 4. 3, oðða 22. 27; it is, however, doubtful if this is Gmc. doubling (S. 226).

II. WG. gem. before j appears in habbað 3. 8, hæbbend 7. 2, wæccæs 21. 36, middum 2. 46, biddo 8. 28, bebycgeð 12. 33, selles 22. 48, acuellas I 7. 12, cynn 21. 10, synno 7. 47, sitt 16. 6, geteller 14. 28, awecce 3. 8, mett 12. 23, nett 5. 6, helle 10. 15, &c.

fj>bb: ahebbað 14. 11, &c. (cf. §. 69); hh>cc: росса 9. 3.

III. Gemination through the falling together of two originally separated consonants appears in ungeleaffullo 1. 17, geliffæsta 17. 33, rummod 6. 35, wræððo 21. 23, &c. IV. Double writing of a simple consonant after short vowels: onsæccest 22. 34, accened I 3. 14, bæcc 17. 13,

beloccen 11. 7, arisson 24. 32, spræcc 9. 11, bædd 9. 40, goddes 6. 4, droppo 22. 44, ongetten 8. 17, agotten 5. 37, besmitten 14. 34, toslitten 6. 49, snyttro 11. 49, wittnessa 22. 71, eftsætt 7. 15, &c., getrummade 3. 18, &c.; after long vowels: lyttel 19. 13, 7. 47, gebrucca 22. 15, ongetton 20. 19, and the loan-word ðrælles 12. 46.

V. Historical gemination at the end of a word is regularly retained, but there are occasional exceptions: mon 6. 45, aden 6. 10, selenis I 3. 4, lesnis 2. 38.

Simplification is frequent within the word at the end of a syllable: syngiges 16. 18, acendon 23. 29, gecerde 15. 17, gecyste 22. 47, spilde 17. 27, waldest 13. 34, ungeleafulnise I 6. 9, aðenide 6. 10.

Simplification of gemination always enters after r that has suffered metathesis: iornende I 2. 7, berneð 15. 8, dirde 13. 32 (the geminated form occurs only once in Luke dirrde 20. 12).

Simplification is also met in acennise I 2. 16, degelnise 11. 33, cyðnise 1. 72, onlicnese 8. 4, wrade 3. 7, disa 11. 50, asum 9. 28 (assum 14. 6), bebycane I 7. 16, habas 9. 3, sægo 19. 40, selenne 1. 77, seles I 4. 8, wæco 12. 39, lycedon I 5. 1.

The Groups ft, ht, st.

§ 78. As the law governing these groups was in force only in the Gmc. period, it is unnecessary to illustrate it in detail here; cf. S. 232.

Grammatical Change.

§ 79. Cf. S. 233, 234.

Change of s and r (<z): geceas 6. 13, gecoren 8. 15.

and d: gewordes 1. 20, geworden I 3. 4, gecuoeð 11. 53, gecuoedo 9. 21; perhaps fremde 24. 18 and WS. fremde; mið (192 times), and WS. mid.

h and g: onfoað 9. 48 (<*fanhan), onfenge 16. 25; seas

24. 39 (<*sehan), gesegon 5. 26; geslaa 18. 13(<*slahah), geslægen 22. 7, slogon 22. 64; geðuoa 7. 38 *wahan), geðuoge 7. 46; perhaps teigðuncgas 18. 12, and WS. teoða (Fü. 47).

Svarabhakti.

§ 80. For the development of secondary or epenthetic vowels before and out of syllabic 1, r, m, n, cf. § 59.

Similarly, inorganic vowels have developed in the following words after r, 1, and before g: burug 10. 9, byrig 4. 23 (besides burg 4. 29-without the secondary vowel, five times), mettbælig 22. 35. If the development suggested by Lind.2 63, anm. 2 is correct, meric 11. 42 belongs here.

PART II

INFLECTION

THE VERB

CHAPTER XII. THE PERSONAL ENDINGS

Present Indicative.

§ 81. First Person Singular.-The regular ending of the strong verbs and of Classes I and III of the weak verbs is -0; in the weak verbs of Class II great variety prevails.

Examples.-(1) Strong verbs: biddo 8. 28, bebiodo 23. 46, cymo 19. 13, ondredo 18. 4, éto 17. 8, frægno 22. 68, forgefo 23. 16, forgeldo 10. 35, leto 13. 18, geongo 14. 19, tostondo 1. 19, aworpo 6. 42.

The only variation from this ending that occurs in Luke is the -a in geonga 15. 18, and the -e in forlette 5.5. (2) Weak verbs, Class I: doeomo 19. 22, fæsto 18. 12, fylgo 9. 57, hero 15. 29, ondeto 10. 21, wræco 18. 5.

-a appears in ædeaua 6. 47, doema 13. 18; no other variations from the regular ending occur in this class.

(3) Weak verbs, Class II: -igo, in agnigo 18. 12, endigo 13. 32, bodigo 2. 10, losigo 15. 17, somnigo 12. 17, sceomigo 16. 3, 18. 4, drouigo 16. 24; -ega in dolega 22. 15.

-0, -a in fæsto 23. 46, čola 9. 41.

(4) Weak verbs, Class III: -o in hæfo 12. 17, sægo 19. 40; contraction takes place in drea 23. 22.

Apocope of the final vowel appears in hæfic 11. 6.