spirant: hæfo 17. 9, ofer 12. 42, stafum 23. 38, wifo 17. 27, hlafas 24. 35, gewoefen I 4. 10.

Loan-words: febere 4. 39, diobla I 7. 5. The labial media has become the labial semi-vowel in diowel I 4. 16, diwle 13. 32, &c.

III. Finally Gmc. b appears in OE. as f: fordraf I 4. 16, hlaf 4. 3.

f.

§ 69. f is the sign for both the voiced and voiceless labio-dental spirant.

Initially it corresponds to Gmc. f and is voiceless: fingeres 16. 24, fola I 10. 2; flod 17. 27, full 2. 40, &c. Medially it corresponds partly to Gmc. ₺ (cf. § 68, II, for examples); partly to Gmc. f: ulfum 10. 3, groefa 12. 58, heofon 10. 15, hefig 11. 7, ahefen 10. 15, fifo 1. 24, &c.

f geminated by j appears as bb: ahebba 18. 13, ahebbendum 6. 20.

f is used for ph in the foreign proper name deofi I 3. II.

CHAPTER IX. DENTALS

t.

§ 70. The dental tenuis t occurs in all positions: tanas 23. 3, tido 21. 24, tuigo 18. 12, ceiste 7. 14, awrit 16. 7. It occurs geminated in byttum 5. 37, sittas 24. 49.

d is used for t in æd I 7. 3 (only time in the preposition); in composition æd always appears in Luke in the forms of ædeaua 6. 46, ædgeædre 23. 48 (besides ætgeadre 7. 49, æthrineð 16. 13, æthran 10. 11), huæd 12. 29 (fifty times, besides huæt 8. 9), hlod I 3. 4, ondedende I 11. 8, unrod I 9. 16, sexdeih 24. 13, read 6. 19; td in huætd I 7. 13; dt in hlodti 1. 9.

tl>dl in sedle 1. 52, sedlo 20. 46.

Loan-words: Latin t appears as d in æcced 23. 36.

d.

§ 71. The dental media occurs in all positions: dom 10. 14, forduindeð 14. 34, bead 22. 30; geminated in biddo 8. 28, biddas 13. 24, &c.; for forms doubled by the scribe, cf. under Gemination, § 77.

d>t (a) before voiceless sounds: gitsare I 7. 14, gitsuncge 12. 15, miltheart 6. 36, &c, miltsa 16. 24 (but d remains in mildsa 18. 39, and is lost altogether in milsa 17. 13, 18. 38). It is lost in hunteantig 8. 8. (b) after voiceless sounds, especially in the prets. of weak verbs Class I (cf. Inflection, § 105 (2)): geneolecte 7. 12, geboette I 7.5, gecyste 22. 47, &c.

t is irregularly written for d in getdung I 7. 3, heartbreer 17. 6; and in the pret. parts. of the following weak verbs (cf. Inflection, §§ 97, 105 (3) (a)): gesettet 6. 48, sendet 1. 19, gelædet 23. 32, geendat 22. 22, &c.

ð is irregularly written for d in: bedon 8. 37, naronede I 8. 6, Verneleger' 15. 13, geondeta 12. 8; and in the foreign proper names: sodomom 10. 12, iudea 21. 12, eftgeniuað 6. 10.

After a cons. + d or t, d is lost, cf. examples under TenseFormation of Weak Verbs, Class I, § 105 (2): abældon 24. 5, gesendon 21. 1, gehræston 13. 19, &c. For grammatical change of d and ð, cf. § 79.

*.

§ 72. The dental spirant is usually denoted by and appears in all positions: dah 18. 4, dornas 8. 7, dread 3. 7, broder 6. 42, cwed 24. 19. It is also sometimes used in foreign proper names for th: marða 10. 38, obeðing 3. 23, deofi I 3. 11 (th is more frequent: nathaning 3. 31, arimathia 23. 51, lothes 17. 28).

The sign is regularly employed only as an abbreviation for dæt: pte 5. 24 (ætte only in 9. 12), oðð† 21. 32.

p is found besides in pæm 24. 1, p'm 20. 28, pone 1. 59. Note. The second instance may be due to an error in printing, as Skeat in his Preface, p. vii, mentions only the first and the last.

is geminated in odde 2. 37, oðða 22. 27, siðða 7. 45, soðða 13. 7. Apparent gemination is caused by the loss of i in wræðão 21. 23 (<*wrapipo).

Original lp>ld: wulder I 4. 1, wuldro 4. 22.

Original pl> dl after a long vowel: ádlo 21. 11, nédles 18. 25; and after a short vowel in sedle 1. 52, sédlo 20. 46. pl>tl in seatlas 11. 43, 20. 46.

t+tt: Sætte 9. 12.

+ remains unchanged: wræððo 21. 33 (but simplified in wrade 3. 7, wrado 4. 28), miððy 12. 54, miððio I 4. 8.

+d generally remains, as: læddon 1. 71, but is assimilated in cydde I 7. 11.

An interchange between and d takes place in hædno 12. 30, hædna 22. 25, hædnum 21. 24; besides hæðin 17. 16, hæðinra 21. 25, hæðnum 18. 32.

d is wrongly written for X in bid 8. 17, edmodnise I 8. 10, hæled I 6. 1, cymed 8. 17, dæt 9. 27; t in inting 8. 47 (only three times in Luke: inðing 23. 14, 22, indinges 23. 4); hð = dð in mohða 12. 33.

þ corresponds to WS. d in ræde 18. 8, hundrað 15. 4, &c., mið 8. 51, &c.; to WS. t in legeð 11. 36, legeðslæht 10. 18 (cf. Fo. 40).

is dropped in cuæ I 9. 4, cuoe 15. 31.

8.

§ 73. s appears frequently in all positions: sagum I 2. 10, scipe 5. 3, nestum 3. 14, his I 3. 8; geminated in cyssende 15. 20.

s is assimilated to n in ionne 12. 5.

The affricate ts is denoted by ts or z; it is foreign to Gmc. and appears only where through vowel syncope

4,

t or d and s have come together: gitsare I 7. 14, &c. z is used only in foreign proper names: nazareth 2. nazar 2. 39, nazarenisca 18. 37. is used for the same sound in the loan-word placum 10. 10, pláccum 14. 21 (S. 205, anm. 1).

c is wrongly used for s in oncæccen 12. 9.

CHAPTER X. VELARS AND PALATALS

C.

§ 74. The velar and palatal tenuis c occurs in all positions: cild 1. 41, clæno 11. 41, cræfte I 2. 1, fisc 11. 11, scyld I 8. 19; geminated in waccane 12. 38, &c; doubled by the scribe in bacc 17. 31, gebræcc 9. 16, &c.

Final e in unstressed syllables often occurs as h: ah 16. 21 (forty times, ac only once: I 6. 18), ahne 4. 22, iwh 11. 47, deh 1. 35 (three times; dec 23. 37, 155 times), meh 4. 18 (three times; mec 22. 53, seventy times), usih 7. 20 (four times; usic .1. 1, four times). g appears in usig I 3. 7. h takes the place of c before t in lehtune 13. 19.

In the combination nc, frequently c is replaced by g, cg, gc: dringes 17. 8, dring 12. 19, drincga 22. 30, druncgnia 12. 45, fordrycga 11. 53, arecganne I 3. 7; also after a short vowel in bæcg 9. 62, gebræcg 22. 19, indicating palatalization (EB. 495, anm. 2). sg for sc is written in gebearsgip 5. 29.

c is dropped at the end of a monosyllable in mé 22. 67, de 15. 29, &c., &c.

g.

§ 75. g is frequent in all positions: gastes 4. 14, geafa 2. 40, god 18. 18, arg I 8. 18, oferhygdego 1. 51.

Geminated g is written cg, cc, or gc, when gemina

tion is due to WG. gj: bycgendo 19. 45, forhycganne 11. 42, sægcas 7. 22, bebyccendo I 10. 5; the gemination is simplified in bebycane I 7. 16.

g has passed into h at the end of a word after a long guttural vowel in genoh 22. 38; after a short palatal vowel in hehstalde 1. 27, -es 1. 27 (but cf. hegstald Matt. I 14. 11)-the change here may be due to the voiceless sound immediately following. The same change occurs in an unstressed syllable in drittih 3. 23 (besides drittig I 4. 8), fiftih 16. 6, fifteih 7. 41, &c. (cf. S. 214, anm. 1); the intermediate writing is met in eghðer 7. 42.

In the combination ng, sometimes c and cg are written for g, denoting palatalization (EB. 495, anm. 2): gehyncres 6. 21, gestrenced 1. 80, gitsuncge 12. 15, nednimincg 11. 39, stencgum 22. 52, gestrencgnd 2. 40, &c., and the loan-word encgel 22. 43.

g is sometimes lost between a short palatal vowel and a consonant with consequent lengthening of the vowel (S. 214, 3; EB. 530): mædne 8. 50 (besides mægdne I 6. 1), waghræl 23. 45 (besides hrægle 10. 13), gehrineð 7. 39, &c. (cf. § 8); between two vowels in geseen 19. 37, 22. 24 (besides gesegen 1. 3); and between two consonants in merne 18. 33.

-ig is shortened to -i in syndrio 2. 3, I 9. 11, syndria 9. 10, hefia 9. 39.

h.

76. I. Initial h stands before all vowels and in the combinations hl, hr, hn, hw. As it was merely a weak breathing, it is often written where it does not etymologically belong, and, on the other hand, historic h is often dropped.

Etymologically incorrect h is found before 1: hlætto 24. 25, hlætmest I. 8. 7, &c., hlatto 12. 45, gehleafo 8. 25, gehleafas 12. 28, oferhlæfeð 11. 41, hlifigiendra 20. 30, hlifigað 20. 38; before n: hniðriendo I. 6. 12, gehniðra