IV. æf, of. of is the usual form, but æf is used in æfdæll 19. 37, æfgroefa 12. 58, æfgroefe 12. 58, æfsæge I 8. 5. of is weakened to a in adune 19. 6, aduna 4. 9, &c.; it shows i-uml. in oefeste 1. 39, oefistade 19. 6, &c.

V. æt, ot. æt is the regular form, ot does not occur. VI. ē=IDG. ē in erist I 10. 9, eristes 20. 36, eswico 13. 15, esuicnise 12. 1, ésceapa 5. 36.

17,

VII. ond, on, un. Examples-ond-: ondetnise I 6. ondfenges 9. 51, ondget 24. 45, ondspyrnende I 9. 4, ondsuere 2. 26, onduarde 3. 11, ondwlitto 22. 64; on-: onfenge 9. 10 (for ond-), ongete 24. 18, onsæccest 22. 34, onsione 1. 76, onsetnisse 11. 50, onsuare I 9. 16 (for ond-); un-: unhal 7. 10, unsnytro 6. 11, unwoeder I 5. 18; on- is weakened to a- in: afearra 13. 27, agotten 5. 37, ageldas 20. 25, agemde 15. 19.

VIII. in, inn. The two forms appear interchangeably in infærende 8. 16, and innfærendum 22. 10; infoerdon 8. 33, and innfoerde 1. 9; ingað 22. 10, and inngre 13. 25.

Second Members of Compounds.

§ 57. I. In consequence of bearing only a secondary accent, eao: widerworda 11. 18, geonduorde I 7. 7 (besides wideruarde I 9. 13, cf. § 46, geondwearde 12. 11, cf. § 19, I).

II. >e: berern 12. 24, bererno 12. 18, gestern 22. 11, hordern 12. 24. >e in geneolecað 21. 20 (EB. 427); a in geneolaceð 21. 28, -lacað 10. 11.

III. i>e: erest 20. 27, 20. 33 (besides erist I 10. 9), næneht 23. 22 (besides næniht 23. 14).

IV. Especially great changes (S. 43, anm.; Fü. 26) take place in: ebolsað 12. 10, ebalsadon 22. 65, ebolsonga 5. 21 (<*ef-halsian), fraco 16. 15 (<*fra-cuð, cf. also EB. IOI, anm.), ful-tume 10. 40 (<*ful-tēam), hiorodes 2. hirodes 12. 39 (<*hīw-ræed), anlapum 4. 40 (<*ānlēpe), laferd 16. 8, hlafard 18. 6 (<*hlaf-weard), laruas 5. 17,

13,

laruum 22. 11 (<*lār-dēow?), geondetað 12. 8 (<*ondhatjan), wigbed 11. 51 (<*wih-beod), worulde 1. 55, world 18. 30 (*wer-ald, Fü. 26).

V. y is weakened to i in oefistade 19. 6, oefistande 2. 16; to e in oefeste 1. 39, oefesta 19. 5 (<*ab-unsti, EB. 101, anm. 3).

VI. Original i has disappeared in alc 11. 43, ælces I 1. 1, huelc 7. 42, suælce 18. II; Ĭ in noht 10. 19, &c., tuoelf 2. 42, &c., ohtrippe 10. 2 (?).

Medial Vowels.

Epenthetic or Secondary Vowels.

§ 58. The laws for the treatment of final vowels are the same for North. as for WS. since they were in effect before the differentiation of the dialects. They are to be found in full in S. 130-160, Kaluza 73. I shall therefore treat here only of the further changes that take place in the endings of words in consequence of the apocope of final vowels, i. e. the insertion of epenthetic or secondary vowels.

§ 59. If a mute, followed by a liquid or a nasal, appears at the end of a syllable, by a common phonetic law the liquid or nasal becomes vocalic. In OE., however, a secondary vowel is often developed out of and before the liquid or nasal. The quality of the secondary vowel generally appears to depend upon that of the vowel of the preceding syllable (S. 139).

I. A vowel regularly appears before r, generally e if the preceding syllable contains a palatal vowel, and o, u, if a guttural. -or: aldor 11. 15, mordor 23. 19, wundorlice 13. 17, and the loan-word ombor 22. 10; -ur: wuldur 2. 52; er hider 16. 26, didder 24. 48, taherum 7. 38, water 7: 44 (? S. 243; Kl., NStB. 92; Lind.2 106, a), suoeger 12. 52, and with -er following a guttural vowel: hunger 4. 25, duneri I 9. 10, wulder I 4. 1.

II. Before 1: apoltre 6. 22, fugul 13. 34, symbel I 8. 13, and the loan-word tempeles 23. 45. The secondary vowel fails to appear in fuglas I 7. 15, symbles 13. 14.

III. Before n. After short syllables, syllabic n usually remains unchanged, but secondary e always appears in bisen I 5. 4, bisseno 8. 11, &c.; after long syllables, the secondary vowel always appears becon 2. 12, facen 20. 23, tacon 2. 12, wolcen 9. 34.

IV. Syllabic m remains unchanged in wæstm 1. 42. For the development of a vowel between r and g, 1 and g, cf. § 80.

Syncope of Middle Vowels.

§ 60. After long radical vowels in trisyllabic words, original short middle vowels are regularly syncopated, unless protected by position (S. 144, a). Examples: I. Before 1: degle 8. 17, idlo I 9. 7, 1. 53, lytle I 8. 7, lytlum

hriofle 5. 12, 16. 10, sawle

12. 19. Loan-words: diofles I 4. 11, dioblas 8. 33, englas 2. 15, engla 9. 26.

Exceptions: lytelum 16. 10, sauela I 10. 15, sauelo 21. 19.

II. Before r: allra 1. 71, iura 6. 23, oðre 7. 8, usra 20. 14, suoestro 14. 26, broðro 8. 19, dogrum 2. 46.

Exceptions: moderes 1. 15, moederes I. 4. 5, odora (dsf.) 5. 7.

The secondary vowel is not developed after a long radical syllable: fingre 11. 46, hungro 21. 11, wintra I 2. 4, wundrum I 8. 5, wuldro 4. 22.

Exception: fingeres 16. 24.

III. Before n: the inflected pret. part. in -en: gewordne I 3. 4, f'letno 5. 11, f'letnum I 9. 17, awordna 10. 13; also in drihtnes I 3. 5, drihtne 1. 16, &c.; hædno 12. 30, hæðnum 18. 32, &c.; mægdne I 6. 1, netne 10. 34.

Unsyncopated: f'leteno 16. 18, awordeno 4. 23 (S. 144,b). The secondary vowel is not developed in the interior of the word in wolcne I 10. 16, becne I 3. 11, becnende 1. 22. It is found in beceno 21. II, woepeno 11. 22.

Unsyncopated forms sometimes occur in the pret. part., where they are contrary to the rule: druncene I 10. 18, awordeno (npf.) 10. 13.

IV. Before d, : for examples of syncope in the prets. of weak verbs, Class I, cf. § 105, 2 (b): dælde 15. 12, agemde I 5. 19, &c.; also in heafdes 7. 38, heafde 21. 18, heafda 21. 28, cyððo 1. 61, wræððo 21. 23.

Exceptions: inteledon 20. 20, aweredon 18. 9.

V. Before g: ængum 4. 26, eadgo 6. 20, halges 2. 42, witges 3. 4, witge 7. 28, scildge 11. 4.

Many exceptions occur among the adjectives in -ig: æniges 12. 15, ænigum 9. 21, mæhtigo 1. 52, 18. 27, woestigum 4. 42, eadigo 1. 45

VI. Position protects against syncope: adjectives in -isc: bebbisca 18. 37, mennisces I 2. 16.

Substantives in -en, -enne: brygenne 23. 53; byrgenna 11. 44.

Substantives in -ere (-are), where -re<rj; cf. Lat. words in -arius (ario-) and Got. -areis: bodare 9. 33, doemere 12. 58, ettere 7. 34, legere 6. 42, fiscaras 5. 2.

Superlatives: ældesto 22. 52, ældestum 9. 22, gingesta 15. 12, and other superlatives (cf. § 130). An exception is found in heigsta I 11. 17.

VII. After short syllables the middle vowel is regularly retained, although occasionally syncope comes in, especially before 1: cyrtlas 3. 11, 9. 3, miclo 2. 9, 4. 33, miclum 23. 23, yfla 6. 43, yfles I.7. 17, yflum 6. 35.

Before r ehras 6. 1, tehrum 7. 44.

:

Before n heofnes I 10. 16, heofna 21. 26, and the pret. parts. begetne I 8. 16, gecuoedno 19. 28, awrittne I 6. 17. Before m: hlætmesto 14. 9, 10, &c.

Before : fremde 24. 18, gesihðo 1. 22, &c.

C. CONSONANTS

CHAPTER VI. THE SEMI-VOWELS

W.

61. For the half-vowel w, in the MS., the rune-sign and u are employed; the rune-sign is here represented by w. uu and wu are also used for w; and, on the other hand, they both sometimes = ū, as in wuðuto 5. 21, wuteard 11. 40 (Lea 80, Fü. 29, but cf. also Fo. 29). Examples of the various signs employed for y-w: Trowung 9. 23, sawle 12. 19; u: laruas 5. 17; uu: ges"uincgde 12. 47; wu: geswuing 12. 48, aw"riað 23. 30.

Initially, w is sometimes unexpressed, or u=wu, o=wo, or w (cf. § 40): ulfum 10. 3, undrandum 9. 43, aundrad 7. 9, (u)utto 23. 10, coen 11. 31, coedes 22. 11, coed 9. 59, coæðanne 11. 38, coedende 22. 19, gecoecton 6. 1, hoe re 22. 21, coern 12. 2, soest' 10. 40, toelfo 22. 14, aðoað I 5. 14, aðoa 7. 38 (Bülb., Angl. Beibl. 10.368; EB. 453; S. 172, anm.).

I. (a) Initially, w appears before all vowels: wacana 2. 8, wæccæs 21. 36, woel 12. 32, wer 2. 36, wind 8. 24, wordes 1. 34, wuna 24. 29.

(b) In the combinations wr, wl: wraco 9. 12, wrað 14. 21, writtra I 3. 3, wloncas 12. 16, (mæg)wlit 9. 29.

(c) In the combinations cw, dw, hw, sw, tw, dw: cualmum 7. 21, forduine 14. 34, huil 4. 5, swigdon 23. 56, suin 15. 16, tuigo 18. 12, bitwih 11. 51, uongas 3. 16, geðuoge 7. 46.

Note 1.-Initial w is lost in certain words that contracted with the negative particle ne: nallo 19. 14, nelle 14. 12, nere I 3. 9, neoht 23.

E