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SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918.

CONTENTS: Biennial report-Classification of summer schools-Number of schools-Instructors-Students-Length of term-Cost of maintaining summer schools-Courses accredited for degrees→ Lecturers-Observation or practice schools-A comparison of enrollment in summer schools-Statistical tables.

BIENNIAL REPORT.

After compiling educational statistics for 1916 the Bureau of Education adopted the plan of collecting statistics biennially instead of annually as in preceding years. Consequently, no special statistics on summer schools were collected for 1917. However, the number of students in such schools in 1917 is given in the Biennial Survey in the chapters on colleges, universities, and professional schools, and on normal schools, and are roughly comparable with the corresponding statistics for such institutions appearing herein.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUMMER SCHOOLS.

It was thought advisable this year to divide the summer schools into two classes; one consisting of summer schools more or less closely identified with standard colleges, universities, and professional schools, and normal schools; the other made up very largely of independent summer schools and schools conducted by private high schools and academies and by institutions of higher rank which do not offer a full collegiate or normal school course. This classification makes possible a comparison of the enrollment in summer schools of the first group, as summarized herein, with the enrollment in 1917, as given in the preceding chapters of the Biennial Survey on colleges, universities, and professional schools, and on normal schools. Consequently, by means of this classification, annual statistics on the enrollment in summer schools of colleges, universities, and normal schools are obtainable.

TABLE 1.-Summer schools-Instructors, lecturers, students, and average cost, 1911-1918.

TABLE 1.-Summer schools-Instructors, lecturers, students, and average cost, 1911– 1918-Continued.

1 Average cost in colleges, universities, and normal schools only is $24.36.

NUMBER OF SCHOOLS.

Hitherto all types of summer schools have been included in this report. As many of these were more or less temporary in nature, comparative statistics of such a heterogeneous group of schools have limited application and are of doubtful value. Consequently, no attempt was made in 1918 to secure a report from Y. M. C. A. schools, from summer camps, from summer schools organized for the expressed purpose of preparing persons for examinations for teachers' certificates, from summer schools conducted by cities, or from special summer schools for training teachers of the deaf, blind, and feebleminded. For the benefit of persons who desire to know the name, location, and date of session of such schools, this information will be included in each annual educational directory published by the Bureau of Education and will answer most inquiries satisfactorily. This change in the plan of collecting statistical data from summer schools has caused a noticeable variation from the corresponding statistics collected in preceding years. It is desirable therefore to point out by means of comparative tables and graphs the variation in certain fundamental data.

The total number of summer schools included in this report is 480. This number includes 358 schools conducted by the colleges, uniyersities, and normal schools listed in Table 9, and 122 other summer schools listed in Table 10. The 358 schools of collegiate or normal school rank include 104 summer schools of standard universities, 119 schools of standard colleges, and 135 schools conducted by normal schools. Comparative data on the total number of schools reported in preceding years are given in Table 1. In 1916 the number of summer schools reporting was 734. Of this number, 231 schools were not asked to submit a report this year. The actual decrease, therefore, in the number of schools is only 23, which may be accounted for by the failure of certain schools to submit a report this year. fact, it has been found extremely difficult to secure statistical reports, because of war conditions and the epidemic of Spanish influenza. It

In

Number of instructors.

has been assumed throughout the following discussion that the list of schools reporting this year has been as representative as in preceding years, barring the exclusions enumerated above.

In the summer schools of colleges, universities, and normal schools, 10,564 instructors were reported, including 6,713 men and 3,851 women; and in the second group of summer schools 1,396 instructors were reported, including 759 men and 637 women. The total number of instructors in all summer schools reported in 1918 was 11,960, including 7,472 men and 4,488 women. Comparative statistics on the teaching staff in summer schools since 1911, the date when the Bureau of Education began systematically to collect reports on summer schools, are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows graphically the increase or decrease in the teaching staff in summer schools since 1911. The upper curve represents the total number of instructors, and the lower curves the number of men and women composing the total.

To secure comparable data for 1916 and 1918 the number of instructors in the 231 schools not included in this year's report has been ascertained. The vertical distance between the corresponding disconnected lines in figure 1 represents this elimination. The supplementary points, indicated by "stars" on the graph, show the

teaching staff in all other schools reporting in 1916 and are directly comparable with the corresponding data for 1918, to which they are connected. The drop, therefore, in the two upper curves between 1916 and 1918 can not be attributed to the exclusion of certain schools from the report this year, but must indicate an actual decrease in the total teaching force and in the number of men instructors.

In these 231 schools included in the 1916 report, but eliminated from the 1918 report, 1,839 men and 2,689 women instructors were employed. If only the same type of schools as are included in this report had been included in the 1916 report, the statistics would have shown 8,807 men and 4,265 women instructors, instead of 10,646 and 6,954, respectively. Consequently, the report for 1918 shows a decrease of 1,335 men instructors and an increase of 223 women instructors in summer schools. This increase of 5 per cent in the number of women instructors and decrease of 15 per cent in the number of men instructors since 1916 has undoubtedly been caused by war conditions. On the whole there has been an actual decrease of 1,112, or 7.7 per cent, in the teaching staff in summer schools of the types included in this report.

STUDENTS.

The total number of students enrolled in summer schools in 1918 was 160,422, consisting of 33,445 men and 126,977 women. Of the total number reported, 90 per cent, or 144,686 students, were enrolled in summer schools of standard colleges, universities, and normal schools. Twenty per cent of the total collegiate or normal school enrollment, or 28,666 students, were men, and 80 per cent, or 116,020 students, were women. In the summer schools of other institutions 15,736 students were enrolled, of whom 4,779, or 30 per cent, were men, and 10,957, or 70 per cent, women. Comparative historical data on summer-school enrollment are shown in figure 2.

As in the case of the teaching staff, so in figure 2 supplementary points representing the enrollment in 1916 have been ascertained and are indicated by "stars" on the graph. These points are directly comparable to the corresponding points for 1918, to which they have been connected. The vertical distance between the corresponding disconnected lines in 1916 represents the elimination incident to the exclusion of certain schools from the report. The enrollment in 1916 in the 231 schools not included in the list this year was 39,608 men and 56,241 women. If these numbers are deducted from the total enrollment reported in 1916 in Table 1, remainders of 68,347 and 134,023 are obtained respectively for men and women. In other words, in corresponding types of schools reporting in 1916 and in 1918 there has been a decrease of 34,902 in the number of men students and of 7,046 in the number of women students enrolled. It