t or d and s have come together: gitsare I 7. 14, &c. z is used only in foreign proper names: nazareth 2. 4, nazar 2. 39, nazarenisca 18. 37. c is used for the same sound in the loan-word plæcum 10. 10, placcum 14. 21 (S. 205, anm. 1).

c is wrongly used for s in oncæccen 12. 9.

CHAPTER X. VELARS AND PALATALS

C.

§ 74. The velar and palatal tenuis c occurs in all positions: cild 1. 41, clano 11. 41, cræfte I 2. 1, fisc 11. 11, scyld I 8. 19; geminated in waccane 12. 38, &c; doubled by the scribe in bæcc 17. 31, gebræcc 9. 16, &c.

Final e in unstressed syllables often occurs as h: ah 16. 21 (forty times, ac only once: I 6. 18), ahne 4. 22, iwh 11. 47, deh 1. 35 (three times; dec 23. 37, 155 times), meh 4. 18 (three times; mec 22. 53, seventy times), usih 7. 20 (four times; usic 1. 1, four times). g appears in usig I 3. 7. h takes the place of c before t in lehtune 13. 19.

In the combination nc, frequently c is replaced by g, cg, gc: dringes 17. 8, dring 12. 19, drincga 22. 30, druncgnia 12. 45, fordrycga 11. 53, arecganne I 3. 7; also after a short vowel in bæcg 9. 62, gebræcg 22. 19, indicating palatalization (EB. 495, anm. 2). sg for sc is written in gebearsgip 5. 29.

c is dropped at the end of a monosyllable in mé 22. 67, de 15. 29, &c., &c.

§ 75.

g.

g is frequent in all positions: gastes 4. 14, geafa 2. 40, god 18. 18, arg I 8. 18, oferhygdego 1. 51.

Geminated g is written cg, cc, or gc, when gemina

tion is due to WG. gj: bycgendo 19. 45, forhycganne 11. 42, sægcas 7. 22, bebyccendo I 10. 5; the gemination is simplified in bebycane I 7. 16.

g has passed into h at the end of a word after a long guttural vowel in genoh 22. 38; after a short palatal vowel in hehstalde 1. 27, -es 1. 27 (but cf. hegstald Matt. I 14. 11)—the change here may be due to the voiceless sound immediately following. The same change occurs in an unstressed syllable in drittih 3. 23 (besides ðrittig I 4. 8), fiftih 16. 6, fifteih 7. 41, &c. (cf. S. 214, anm. 1); the intermediate writing is met in eghðer 7. 42.

In the combination ng, sometimes c and cg are written for g, denoting palatalization (EB. 495, anm. 2): gehyncres 6. 21, gestrenced 1. 80, gitsuncge 12. 15, nednimincg 11. 39, stencgum 22. 52, gestrencgnd 2. 40, &c., and the loan-word encgel 22. 43.

g is sometimes lost between a short palatal vowel and a consonant with consequent lengthening of the vowel (S. 214, 3; EB. 530): mædne 8. 50 (besides mægdne I 6. 1), waghræl 23. 45 (besides hrægle 10. 13), gehrineð 7. 39, &c. (cf. § 8); between two vowels in geseen 19. 37, 22. 24 (besides gesegen 1. 3); and between two consonants in merne 18. 33.

-ig is shortened to -i in syndrio 2. 3, I 9. 11, syndria 9. 10, hefia 9. 39.

h.

§ 76. I. Initial h stands before all vowels and in the combinations hl, hr, hn, hw. As it was merely a weak breathing, it is often written where it does not etymologically belong, and, on the other hand, historic h is often dropped.

Etymologically incorrect h is found before 1: hlætto 24. 25, hlætmest I. 8. 7, &c., hlatto 12. 45, gehleafo 8. 25, gehleafas 12. 28, oferhlæfeð 11. 41, hlifigiendra 20. 30, hlifigað 20. 38; before n: hniðriendo I. 6. 12, gehniðra

6. 37, gehniðrad 6. 37 (three times); before r: hreaferas I 9. 3, hreafera 19. 46, hræst I 8. 11, hræsto 14. 7, hræwendn I 9. 4, hriord 14. 12, hrippes 19. 21, hriopað 12. 24, gehrinað 11. 46 (for the h in this word cf. Lind. 28, anm. 2); before a vowel: haldormon 5. 5, (hund)hæhtatih 2. 37.

Historical h is lost before a consonant in laferd I 10. 7, ræde 18. 8; in the second member of the compounds: ebolsað 12. 10, ondeto 10. 21, anlapum 4. 40; after an unaccented vowel in næbbende 3. 11. hw appears as ch in chuælc 9. 48.

II. Medial h appears as g in heigsta I 11. 17, suoeger 12. 53, suegir 12. 53, gesigde 9. 52.

Medial simple h and hw are lost between vowels: fleað 8. 13, onfoað 9. 48, &c. (cf. § 53 for other examples); after a voiced consonant and before a vowel, in suira 15. 20 (EB. 529), dyrl 18. 25 (<*Xyrhil, S. 218; EB. 529), holo I 6. 12, holas 9. 58 (<*holhas, EB. 529). hw is kept in genehuað 16. 13, genehuade 15. 15 (cf. § 61, II).

Medial h is lost after a vowel and before a voiced consonant: hera 22. 26, heanise 5. 4, geneoleca 21. 20, gesene 10. 31, bituen 22. 17 (cf. § 37); and with gemination of the following n: heannisum 2. 14 (S. 222, anm. 2).

Geminated h remains written as cc in pocca 9. 3. For the retention of h in ehras 6. 1, tæherum 7. 38, tehrum 7. 44, pointing to an earlier gemination, cf. S. 222, anm. 4. The original combinations ht, hs, are retained: leht 11. 35, inlihte 1. 79, æniht 9. 36, reht 13. 16, brohton 23. 1, gesohte I 2. 2, oht 1. 51, &c. ht is written as ght in ænight 20. 40. hs (generally written as x): inlixade 23. 54, oxa 14. 5, awox 2. 40, &c.

Exceptions: wæstmo I S. 18, wæstmum I 3. 8 (cf. Got. wahsts), seista 1. 26. h has fallen before s also in heiste 1. 32, heista 8. 28, heisto 1. 35, if the syncope of the vowel took place before the fall of h; in which case the development would be: *>hchista *hehsta *>hesta,

heista (§ 14). If h fell first, the development would be more direct: *hehista *heista. The latter development is more in accordance with North. usage (S. 166, 6), but the form heigsta (cf. above) points rather to the former.

III. Final h remains: feh 8. 43, ahoh 23. 21, bituih 1. 25, &c. It appears as g in geslog 22. 50 (probably on the analogy of the plural), and in the compound wigbed 11. 51 (<*wīh-bēod, S. 43, anm. 4).

CHAPTER XI. GEMINATION, &C.

77. For a treatment of the doubling and the simplification of consonants in relation to the length of the preceding vowels, cf. Luick, Archiv. 102. 58 ff.; Fo. 45.

Gmc. gem. of 1 is found in: all 2. 1, falleð 11. 17, feoll 5. 12, full 11. 39, godspell I 2. 6, spellendo 24. 15, spilleð 17. 33, scilling 15. 9; of r: gecerred 1. 16, &c., eftcerrdon 23. 48, fearr 7. 6, fearra 15. 20, firr 24. 28, gemerras 13. 7, gemerredo I 2. 11; of m: huoinmes 20. 17; of n: binna 2. 16, acenned I 3. 14, onginnes 13. 25, monno 1. 27, penninga 7. 41, sunna 21. 25, wynnes I 2. 8; of s: cyssende 15. 20, cossetunges 7. 45; of 8: odde I 4. 3, oðða 22. 27 ; it is, however, doubtful if this is Gmc. doubling (S. 226).

II. WG. gem. before j appears in habbað 3. 8, hæbbend 7. 2, wæccæs 21. 36, middum 2. 46, biddo 8. 28, bebycgeð 12. 33, selles 22. 48, acuellas I 7. 12, cynn 21. 10, synno 7. 47, sitt 16. 6, geteller 14. 28, awecce 3. 8, mett 12. 23, nett 5. 6, helle 10. 15, &c.

fj>bb: ahebbað 14. 11, &c. (cf. § 69); hh>cc: Росса 9. 3.

III. Gemination through the falling together of two originally separated consonants appears in ungeleaffullo 1. 17, geliffæsta 17. 33, rummod 6. 35, wræddo 21. 23, &c.

IV. Double writing of a simple consonant after short vowels: onsæccest 22. 34, accened I 3. 14, bæcc 17. 13,

beloccen 11. 7, arisson 24. 32, spræcc 9. 11, bædd 9. 40, goddes 6. 4, droppo 22. 44, ongetten 8. 17, agotten 5. 37, besmitten 14. 34, toslitten 6. 49, snyttro 11. 49, wittnessa 22. 71, eftsætt 7. 15, &c., getrummade 3. 18, &c.; after long vowels: lyttel 19. 13, 7. 47, gebrucca 22. 15, ongetton 20. 19, and the loan-word örælles 12. 46.

V. Historical gemination at the end of a word is regularly retained, but there are occasional exceptions: mon 6. 45, aðen 6. 10, selenis I 3. 4, lesnis 2. 38.

Simplification is frequent within the word at the end of a syllable: syngiges 16. 18, acendon 23. 29, gecerde 15. 17, gecyste 22. 47, spilde 17. 27, waldest 13. 34, ungeleafulnise I 6. 9, aðenide 6. 10.

Simplification of gemination always enters after r that has suffered metathesis: iornende I 2. 7, berneð 15. 8, dirde 13. 32 (the geminated form occurs only once in Luke: ðirrde 20. 12).

Simplification is also met in acennise I 2. 1 degelnise 11. 33, cyonise 1. 72, onlicnese 8. 4, wrade 3. 7, disa 11. 50, časum 9. 28 (Jassum 14. 6), bebycane I 7. 16, habas 9. 3, sægo 19. 40, selenne 1. 77, seles I 4. 8, wæco 12. 39, lycedon I 5. 1.

The Groups ft, ht, st.

§ 78. As the law governing these groups was in force only in the Gmc. period, it is unnecessary to illustrate it in detail here; cf. S. 232.

Grammatical Change.

§ 79. Cf. S. 233, 234.

Change of s and r (<z): geceas 6. 13, gecoren 8. 15.

and d: gewordes 1. 20, geworden I 3. 4, gecuoeð 11. 53, gecuoedo 9. 21; perhaps fremde 24. 18 and WS. fremde; mið (192 times), and WS. mid.

h and g: onfoað 9. 48 (<*fanhan), onfenge 16. 25; seas