(b.) If a lay-judge who has been summoned is excluded by the Court, or legally objected to, or if he has failed to appear in Court, then the substitute takes his place.

Art. 35. When a case is called for trial, every lay-judge shall take an oath in the following words: "I swear on my honour and conscience that I will give my decision only in accordance with my best knowledge and my best conviction; and that I will observe the strictest secrecy as regards proceedings in a case tried in camera, as well as regards the deliberations and the voting of the Court." Art. 36. The lay-judges cast their votes, in the order of the list, before the professional judges.

Art. 37. If a lay-judge breaks the oath of secrecy (Article 35), then the Court sentences him in the first instance to a fine of from 50 to 1,000 crowns, and in the second instance to strict imprisonment for a period of from one to three months. A second conviction entails the loss of the right to act as lay-judge for five years.

Art. 38.-(a.) Offences within the meaning of the present law, committed by military persons, come within the jurisdiction of the civil Courts, if civil persons are prosecuted together with them.

(b.) The provisions of the Penal Code apply equally to military and to civil persons.

(c.) An application to a civil Court for the prosecution of persons who ordinarily come under military jurisdiction is to be treated in the same way as if it had been made to the authorities specified in Article 128, paragraph 4. of the Military Penal Code of the 5th July, 1912, No. 131, and Section XXXIII of the Law of 1912.

Art. 39. The act of naming the responsible author in accordance with Article 5 is not considered as sufficient grounds for premature dismissal.

Art. 40. In considering offences within the meaning of the present law, the following provisions do not apply: Article 28, paragraphs 1-3, and Article 39 of the Law of the 17th December, 1862, No. 6, 1863; Articles 32-43 and Articles 53-55 of Section XIV of the Law of 1914: Article 484. second sentence, of the Law of the 23rd May, 1873, No. 119; Section III of the Law of the 15th October, 1868, No. 142; Article 15 (II) of Section XXXIV of the Law of 1897. Article 16 of Section XXXIV of the Law of 1897 and Article 46 of Section XIV of the Law of 1914 are hereby abolished.

Art. 41. The annual principal and supplementary lists of layjudges for 1924 shall be compiled in the following manner: The presiding judge at the Court of First Instance shall send the original jury-lists to the municipality of the locality where the lists have been compiled with the request that the Municipal Committee place a mark against the names of such persons who have completed their forty-fifth year, and have been residents in the locality for at least two years; further, that the committee place a mark against the names of persons who, in their opinion, are especially qualified to act as lay-judges. These lists must be returned to the Court of First Instance not later than three weeks after receipt. Not later than fourteen days after the receipt of the lists the Court shall

summon the committee which has compiled the annual principal and supplementary lists of jurymen. This committee shall compile the annual and supplementary list of lay-judges for the remainder of 1924 in accordance with Article 31, paragraphs (b) and (c), of this Act.

Art. 42.-(a.) The present law shall take effect on the day of promulgation; but it shall apply retrospectively to offences committed after the 12th April, 1924, exclusively in so far as proceedings and competency are concerned; other provisions shall only apply in cases where they are of advantage to the accused person.

(b.) The Ministers of Justice, National Defence, the Interior, Posts and Telegraphs, and the Minister of Railways, are charged with giving effect to the present law.

DENMARK.

THE laws in force in Denmark relating to the Press consist of (1) the Press Law of the 3rd January, 1951, some of the provisions of which were superseded by (2) the General Civil Penal Law of the 10th February, 1866.

These laws were enacted before the present coinage was introduced; the fines were given in the old currency: one rigsbankdaler (Rbd.) is approximately equal to two crowns.

LAW REGARDING THE USE OF THE PRESS, OF JANUARY 3, 1851.

1. The name of the printer, together with the place of printing, must appear on every publication issued from a printing office in the kingdom. For infringement hereof the printer, or, if he cannot be found, the person who has the sale or distribution of the publication, shall be punished with a fine of from 5 to 200 Rbd.

2. Incorrect declarations regarding the printer shall be punished with fines of from 10 to 500 Rbd. Anyone who, being aware of such false declaration, has the publication on sale or for distribution, shall be liable to the same penalties.

3. The responsibility for the contents of any publication printed and issued within the kingdom rests with the author, if he has set his name to the publication, and if, when the publication appeared, he was either domiciled within the kingdom or was within the jurisdiction of the State at the time proceedings were instituted If no author's name is given, the responsibility, subject to the same conditions, rests with the publisher, and after him with the bookseller or commission agent. In the event of the above-named conditions not being fulfilled, responsibility will rest with the printer. In the case of a publication issued by several persons in combination, if one of them declares himself the publisher of certain sufficiently independent sections of the same, the other publishers are to that extent relieved of responsibility. Each of the persons upon whom responsibility may thus rest is obliged, on application being made to him and provided he does not himself undertake the

responsibility, to communicate such information as may be necessary for establishing the fact that responsibility rests with one of the preceding; such application, however, must be made within three months after notice of the publication of the work has first appeared in a public print. Otherwise the person concerned is cleared of

responsibility.

4. In the case of every publication of not more than six sheets, the printer shall deliver, simultaneously with the delivery of the work from the printing office and within one hour from the commencement of its distribution, one copy to the Police office, for which on request a receipt shall at once be given. Infringement hereof shall be punished by a fine of from 20 to 500 Rbd. If no printer's name or a false one appears on the publication, and the printer cannot be found, the responsibility falls upon the publisher or the commission agent.

Paragraphs 5 to 10 inclusive are repealed by paragraph 309 of the General Civil Penal Law of the 10th February, 1866, and are superseded by certain provisions of that law.

11. Any person who considers himself personally attacked in a periodical publication, or who wishes to correct statements therein concerning himself, may demand the insertion therein, without payment, of a notice of the institution of proceedings in consequence of the attack, as well as of the result of the proceedings, or a reference to a correction in another publication. This insertion is to be made in one of the first two numbers of the publication to appear after the demand for insertion has been made. Failure to fulfil this obligation shall be punished by fines of from 20 to 100 Rbd., and the insertion demanded may be enforced by a daily fine according to the judgment of the Court.

12. Repealed by paragraph 309 of the General Civil Penal Law. 13. The Ministry of Justice shall decide whether a publication shall be made the subject of legal proceedings on account of its contents. In such case the seizure of a publication can only take place by order of the examining magistrate.

14. The importation of foreign publications is free. If the Minister of Justice finds that any such publication contains punishable matter, and if no Danish subject can be held responsible for its publication, the sheriff may prohibit those who have or have had the sale or distribution of the publication from circulating it further within the kingdom; which prohibition, after a summons has been issued to the person concerned, is to be enforced according to the criminal procedure. If the prohibition is upheld by the Courts, the judgment must fix a time within which the publication is to be sent out of the kingdom, or, in the contrary case, confiscated. This judgment is to be announced, at the instance of the authorities, three times in the newspapers of the diocese and in the "Berlingske Tidende," whereafter all further ordering, dealing in or distribution of the publication in the kingdom will be forbidden, and infringements hereof will be punished by fines of from 50 to 500 Rbd., or by imprisonment for from fourteen days to six months.

15. If within a period of two years a periodical publication, or

several such having a common publisher, should be condemned three times by such judgments, the last of these judgments may include the provision that the publication or other periodical publications of the same publisher may not be imported into the kingdom, unless permission to import is given by the Minister of Justice. The prohibition shall be announced and its infringement shall be punished as provided in paragraph 14.

16. The provisions of the present law regarding printed matter shall also apply to all mechanical reproductions of writing. The provisions relating to printed matter, with the exception of paragraph 4, shall also apply analogically to engravings on copper, woodcuts, lithographs and other pictorial representations. But, when these are published in connection with a book and as component parts thereof, the person who bears the responsibility for the book shall also be responsible for the illustrations.

17. The present law replaces that of the 5th July, 1850, and the previously enacted provisions regarding the use of the Press. EXTRACTS FROM GENERAL CIVIL PENAL LAW OF FEBRUARY 10, 1866.

73. Any person who publicly, in speech or writing, advocates or otherwise than as set forth in paragraphs 71 and 72 (treasonable plotting and correspondence with foreign Powers) endeavours to produce hostile measures against the Danish State or unjustified interference in its affairs on the part of foreign Powers, is liable to imprisonment with hard labour, or as a political prisoner, for a period not exceeding six years, or in specially extenuating circumstances to other imprisonment, but not less than three months' simple imprisonment, provided that no more severe penalty has been incurred under the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 (relating to attempted crimes and complicity).

85. Any person who takes any action calculated to deprive the King of his life, liberty or throne shall be sentenced to death.

Any person who, with the object of altering the Constitution or the established Succession incites to rebellion or in other ways induces or leads disturbances calculated to bring about such an alteration, shall be sentenced to death or to penal servitude for life.

Any person who takes any part in a revolt or disturbance of the nature referred to, shall be liable to imprisonment with hard labour for at least three years.

86. Any person who in any other unlawful way endeavours to bring about change in the Constitution or in the Succession shall be liable to imprisonment with hard labour, or, in extenuating circumstances, as a political prisoner.

91. Any person who takes any action calculated to deprive the Queen, the Heir Apparent or the Queen Dowager of life or liberty shall be sentenced to death or to penal servitude.

156. Any person who derides or insults the dogmas or services of any religious community existing in the country shall be punished with imprisonment, not less than one month's simple imprisonment, or, in specially extenuating circumstances, with a

184. Any person who publishes an obscene writing shall be punished with imprisonment or a fine. The same punishment is applicable to any person selling, distributing or otherwise circulating the same, or to any person who publicly exhibits obscene pictures.

215. If any person outrages another's honour by unwarrantably attributing to him actions which would render him unworthy of the respect of his fellow-citizens, or by using appellations regarding him which could only be referred to such actions, he shall be punished by a fine of from 20 to 500 Rbd., or by simple imprisonment from fourteen days to six months.

216. If the libel occurs in a printed publication or otherwise in such a way that the insult has greater dissemination, or at such times and places as in a high degree increase the outrageous character of the utterance, the guilty person shall be punished by simple imprisonment for not less than three months, or by a fine of not less than 100 Rbd.

ECUADOR.

PRESS LAW, JUNE 6, 1897.

Article 1. There shall be a Press Jury Tribunal in the chief cantons of the provinces.

Art. 2. The municipalities of these cantons shall appoint annually, on the 24th December, fifteen principal jurymen and fifteen substitutes.

Art. 3. The provisions of Chapter 4, and Section 5 of Chapter 5, of the Criminal Law shall be applicable to the Press juries when not contrary to the present law.

Art. 4. An accusation shall be formulated before any Municipal Justice of the chief canton of the province where the infringement shall have been committed, provided it constitutes an offence or calumny; and in cases of infringements under Clause 2 of Article 292 of the Criminal Law, before any of the "Jueces Letrados" of the province.

Art. 5. The Jury Tribunal shall be formed of five Judges, who shall be designated by ballot out of eight Judges, the first five being the principal, and the last three substitutes. The parties concerned may challenge one Judge only at the time of balloting.

Art. 6. During the current year the Press jurymen shall be appointed for the first time on the 1st August, and those elected shall hold office till the 24th December next.

AMENDMENTS, SEPTEMBER 28, 1911.

The Congress of the Republic of Ecuador, considering :

That the interpretation given by the Police authorities during the constitutional period which expired on the 31st August of the present year, to Nos. 26 and 27 of Article 41 of the Police Code. shows a manifest violation of the guarantees granted for the freedom