14. When the light infantry joined the main body, the army retreated into the town.

15. His eyes closed with the torpor of approaching death, and those around sustained his fainting form.

EXERCISE LIV.

DIRECTION. In the following sentences change the direct form to the indirect, and the indirect to the direct.

I. "I did not rise," said he, "with the expectation that I should convince the honorable gentlemen that they are wrong and that I am right."

2. Wallace told the priests to remain with him, as he could not protect them from his soldiers when out of his presence.

3. The crabbed old schoolmaster used to ask, when they brought him a new pupil, " But are you sure he is not a dunce?"

4. "I intended that work to be my best," said Thackeray, "but I have failed. Nobody reads it."

5. "My conscience," said he, "tells me that I have labored honestly to destroy that which is evil and build up that which is good."

6. Dr. Johnson is reported to have said: "If a boy says he looked out of this window when he looked out of that one, whip him."

7. He said that he had often played under these trees when a boy, and that he felt a degree of filial reverence for them.

8. Dean Swift averred that he never knew a man come to eminence who lay in bed of a morning.

9. "The public," Goldsmith used to say, "will never do me justice; whenever I write anything, they make a point to know nothing about it."

10. She said that she was glad I had come, and that she had been running down the lane looking for me.

LESSON XXXIII.

SYNONYMS.

Variety of expression may generally be secured by putting in the place of the nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs some of their synonyms. As no two words convey exactly the same sense, there is always one that is the most fitting to be used, while there may be several that are admissible.

Example. Many good, brave, and moderate men, who disliked his former conduct, and who entertained doubts touching his present sincerity, espoused his cause unwillingly and with many painful misgivings, because, though they dreaded his tyranny much, they dreaded democratic violence more.

With Synonyms. A large number of noble, fearless, and reasonable persons, who disapproved of his previous course of action, and who had their suspicions concerning his present honesty of purpose, supported his interests reluctantly and with much distressing hesitation, because, though they feared his iron rule much, they feared popular outrage more.

PHRASEOLOGY.

Variety of expression may be secured by recasting a sentence, paragraph, or whole sketch in entirely different phraseology. This may be done either by way of paraphrase or condensation.

Example of Sentence. She died. She passed away. She was no more. She fell asleep forever. She slept the sleep that knows no waking. Her dissolution took place. She breathed her last. She departed this life. She sank into the grave. She closed her eyes forever. She terminated her earthly existence. She dropped off. Her demise occurred. After a long and painful illness, borne with true Christian resignation, she passed away at the early age of twenty-six, beloved and lamented by all who knew her.

The Paraphrase. - Reproducing thought with greater fulness of detail or illustration is usually termed Paraphrasing.

In this exercise

1. Do not merely substitute one word for another, or even one sentence for another.

2. Study the passage to be transposed till you have thoroughly mastered it in detail and as a whole.

3. If it is too long to be easily retained in the memory, make a brief list of the leading heads or parts, and arrange them in the order in which you intend to write them out.

4. Then lay aside the passage and express freely in your own language the several thoughts, facts, or statements it contains. 5. Criticise your work,

a. See that none of the ideas have been omitted or misunderstood.

b. Be sure that all your words and expressions are new.

c. See that your words, sentences, and paragraphs are correct. Example of Sketch. - Damon and Pythias were intimate friends. Damon being condemned to death by the tyrant Dionysius, asked liberty to go home for the purpose of setting his affairs in order; and his friend offered to be his surety, and to submit to death if Damon should not return. Every one thought he knew what the end of the affair would be, and began to condemn Pythias for so rash an act; but he, confident of the integrity of his friend, awaited the appointed time with cheerfulness. Damon, strict to his engagement, returned at the time fixed. Dionysius so much admired their mutual fidelity that he pardoned Damon, and asked to be admitted into the friendship of two such worthy

men.

Recast. Damon and Pythias were very dear friends, and thought a good deal of each other, as the following instance shows. Damon, having in some way or other transgressed the law of Dionysius, was put into prison and condemned to death. Being very desirous of going home to bid his friends good by, and to put his affairs in order before his death, he begged Dionysius to

allow him to go, promising to return on the day of execution. But Dionysius, fearing that it was a plot to get Damon out of his hands, promised to let him go on condition that he would get some one to act as surety for him. With this Damon's heart sank, for he never thought that any one would be willing to risk his life for him. But Damon had at least one true friend, who did not desert him in this time of trouble. This friend was Pythias. He freely offered to go security, saying that, if Damon did not return, he would cheerfully die in his stead. So Damon went to his home, and Pythias went to prison. As the day of execution drew near, the people began to ridicule Pythias for running such a risk; they said they knew very well that Damon would not return. However, Pythias said that he could trust his friend's integrity; and he was not deceived; for, true to his promise, on the day appointed, Damon did return. This so pleased the king that he freely forgave Damon, and asked to be a sharer in their friendship, a friendship which made them stand by each other in such a time of trial.

Condensation, on the other hand, consists in expressing thought with greater brevity.

Example. Though a man has all other perfections and wants discretion, he will be of no great consequence in the world; but if he has this single talent in perfection, and but a common share of others, he may do what he pleases in his particular station of life. Condensed. - In our intercourse with the world, discretion is

of more value than any other quality of mind.

DIRECTION.

EXERCISE LV.

In the following sentences, change the wording by putting in place of the nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, one of their synonyms that will express as nearly as may be the same meaning.

I. Indolence is the cause of many evils.

2. Wealth which is desired by all is accompanied by many troubles.

3. In establishing his government he had to feel his way, to sound men's dispositions, and to conciliate different interests.

4. The Protectorate, with all its glories, was not the conception of a lowly intellect, but the revolutionary energy of a mighty nation concentrated in a single chief.

5. Attempts have often been made, and very recently have been renewed with much affirmation of success, to prove that such low forms of life may originate spontaneously from their materials in the water.

6. Great gates of brass, richly and delicately wrought, turn heavily upon their hinges, as if proudly reluctant to admit the feet of common mortals into this most gorgeous of sepulchres.

7. The more, however, James pressed for the consummation of his projects, the more Spain held back; but so bent was the king on its realization that, after fruitless negotiations, the prince quitted England in disguise, and appeared with Buckingham at Madrid, to claim his promised bride.

8. Human fat is fuel laid away for use. It constitutes a hoard of combustible material upon which the owner may draw whenever his ordinary supplies are intercepted.

9. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophisters, economists, and calculators has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished forever.

10. It may well be doubted if any one of the great poets who have arisen during the last half century has so closely touched the popular heart as Longfellow has.