midland counties. The moment the farmer obtains his wish, he takes every particle of the land to himself, and re-lets the house to the labourer, who by this means is rendered miserable, the poor's-rate in so circumstanced are almost always considered as the most to be depended upon and trusted: the possessing a little property certainly gives a spur to industry; as a proof of this, it has almost always happened to me, that when a labourer has ob-creased, the value of the estate of the tained a cow, and land sufficient to maintain her, the first thing he has thought of, has been how he could save money enough to buy another; and I have almost always had applications for more laud from those people so circumstanced. There are several labourers in my neighbourhood, who have got on in that manner, till they now keep three, and some four cows, and yet are among the hardest-working men in the county, and the best labourers. I believe there are from 70 to 80 labourers upon my estate in Rutland, who keep from one to four cows each; and I have always heard that they are hardworking industrious men; they manage their land well, and always pay their rent. "In a village near me, where there are a great number of labourers who keep cows, the poor's rate is not at this time above sixpence in the pound: the number of inhabitants, 335. Some difficulties may occur in establishing the custom of labourers keeping cows, in those parts of the country where no such custom has existed: wherever it has, or does exist, it ought by all means to be encouraged, and not suffered to fall into disuse, as has been the case to a great degree in the midland counties; one of the causes of which I apprehend to be, the dislike the generality of farmers have to seeing the labourers rent any land. Perhaps one of their reasons for disliking this is, that the land, if not occupied by the labourers, would fall to their own share; and another, I am afraid, is that they wish rather to have the labourers more dependent upon them, for which reasons they are always desirous of hiring the house and land occupied by a labourer, under pretence, that by that means the landlord will be secure of his rent, and that they will keep the house in repair-This the agents of estates are too apt to give into, as they find it much less trouble to meet six, than sixty tenants at a rent day, and by this means avoid the being sometimes obliged to hear the wants and complaints of the poor; all parties, therefore, join in persuading the landlord, who, it is natural to suppose (unless he has time and inclination to investigate the matter very closely) will agree to this their plan, from the manner in which it comes recommended to him and it is in this manner that the labourers have been dispossessed of their cow pasture in various parts of the land-owner diminished, and the house suffered to go to decay; which, when once fallen, the tenant will never rebuild, but the landlord must, at a considerable expense. Whoever travels through the middle counties, and will take the trouble of inquiring, will generally receive for answer that formerly there were a great many cottagers who kept cows, but that the land is now thrown to the farmers; and if he inquires still further, he will find, that in those parishes the poor's-rate have increased in an amazing degree, more than according to the average rise thorughout England."-(Earl of Winchelsea, Communications, vol. i. p. 77.) Mr. Crutchley, steward to the Earl of Winchelsea, writes thus:-" Wages are certainly not raised by labourers having land. I am persuaded they are, in fact, much lowered, if the wages were the same; as a more industrious et of men are employed in labour, and having more of the comforts of life, they are enabled to work harder than common labourers; by this more work is done for the same wages. The difference between a cottager and a common labourer is so much, that I am at a loss for a comparison, except it be that of an opulent farmer to a cottager: and where there are a number of them in any parish, the rates will be low. The public must be benefitted by them, there being not a yard of waste land upon any of their premises to be found."-(Crutchley, Com, vol. i, p. 93.) In a memoir presented to the Board, Lord Brownlow thus expresses himself :"In many parishes the cottages are generally let to under tenants by the farmers; but this is a practice universally rejected on my estates. To the cottager the contrary system affords the comforts of life : to the parish it lowers the poor's-rates: a man who keeps a cow has seldom been known to be troublesome to a parish; and to the public it gives an increase of hands, from infancy taught to work by their parents for their advantage."-(Lord Brownlow, Com. vol. i. p. 85.) These are not the only testimonies in favour of this system; but these are sufficient to enable farmers to answer certain questions put to them by conscience:-they are now the admonitions of experience and facts. National Register : FOREIGN. ATTACK ON ALGIERS. sea breeze, had reached the bay, and were preparing the boats and flotilla for service, until near two o'clock, when, observing my officer was returning with the signal flying that no answer had been received, after a delay of upwards of three hours, I instantly made the signal to know if the ships were all ready, which being an swered in the affirmiatve, the Queen Charlotte bore up, followed up by the fleet, for their appointed stations; the flag, leading in the prescribed order, was anchored in yards distance. At this moment not a gun the entrance of the Mole, at about fifty Among the exploits of the British navy, the late attack on Algiers must always hold a most conspicuous place. We express our admiration of it in unqualified terms. It will be recollected, that it is a punishment due to Mahommedan ferocity, as instanced in the slaughter of a consi-had been fired, and I began to suspect a derable number of unarmed Christians, who had landed at Boua, immediately after concluding a treaty with Lord Exmouth in favour of Christians; even those in a state of slavery. This insult to the British power has received signal chastisement; may it produce a long repentance! [Lord Exmouth wri es from Algiers Bay, Aug. 28, an account of his delays, from baf fling winds: he proceeds . . . .... The Prometheus was dispatched to Algiers some time before, to endeavour to get away the Consul Captain Dashwood had with difficulty succeeded in bringing away, disguised in midshipman's uniform, his wife and daughter, leaving a boat to bring off their infant child, coming down in a basket with the surgeon, who thought he had composed it, but it unhappily cried in the gateway, and in consequence the surgeon, three midshipmen, in all eighteen persous were seized and confined as slaves in the usual dungeons. The child was sent off next morning by the Dey, and as a solitary instance of his humanity, it ought to be recorded by me.... The ships were all in port, and between 40 and 50 gun and mortar boats ready, with several more in forward repair. August, 27-As the ships were becalmed. I embraced this opportunity of dispatching a boat, under cover of the Severn, with a flag of truce, and the demands I had to make, in the name of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, on the Dey of Algiers, directing the officer to wait two or three hours for the Dey's answer, at which time, if no reply was sent, he was to return to the flag ship; he was met near the Mole by the Captain of the port, who, on being told the answer was expected in one hour, replied that it was Impossible. The officer then said he would wait two or three hours: he then observed two hours was quite sufficient. The fleet at this time, by the springing up of the full compliance with the terms which had been so many hours in their hands; at this period of profound silence, a shot was fired at us from the Mole, and two at the ships to the northward then following; this was promptly returned by the Queen Charlotte who was then lashing to the mainmast of a brig, fast to the shore in the mouth of the Mole, and which we had steered for, as the guide to our position. Thus commenced a fire as animated and well supported, as I believe, was ever witnessed, from a quarter before three until nine without intermission, and which did not cease altogether till half past 11. The ships immediately following me were admirably and coolly taking their stations, with a precision even beyond my most sanguine hope; and never did the British flag receive on any occasion, more zealous and honourable support. To look further on the line than immediately round me was perfectly impossible. . . . . I had about this time the satisfaction of seeing Vice-Admiral Van Capellen's flag in the station [ had assigned to him, and soon after, at intervals, the remainder of his frigates, keeping up a well-supported fire on the flanking batteries he had offered to cover us from, as it had not been in my power, for want of room, to bring him in the front of the Mole. About sunset I received a message from Rear Admiral Milne, conveying to me the severe loss the Impregnable was sustaining, having then 150 killed and wounded, and requesting I would, if possible, send him a frigate to divert some of the fire he was under. I had at this time sent orders to the explosion vessel, under the charge of Lieut. Fleming and Mr. Parker, by Captain Reade of the engineers, to bring her into the Mole; but the RearAdmiral having thought she would do him essential service if exploded under the battery in his front, I sent orders to this vessel to that effect, which were executed. 1 desired also the Rear-Admiral might be informed, that many of the ships being now in flames, and certain of the destruction of the whole, I considered I had executed the most important part of my instructions, and should make every preparation for withdrawing the ships, and desired he would do so as soon as possible with his division. There were awful moments during the conflict, which I cannot now attempt to deserive, occasioned by firing the ships so near us, and I had long resisted the eager entreaties of several around me, to make the attempt upon the outer frigate, distant about 100 yards, which at length I gave into, and Major Gossett by my side, who had been eager to land his corps of miners, pressed me most anxiously for permission to accompany Lieutenant Richards in this ship's barge. The frigate was instantly boarded, and in ten minutes in a perfect blaze. The enemy's batteries around my division were about ten o'clock silenced, and in a state of perfect ruin and dilapidation; and the fire was reserved as much as possible, to save powder, and reply to a few guns now and then bearing upon us, although a fort on the upper angle of the city, on which our guns could not be brought to bear, continued to annoy the ships by shot and shells during the whole time. Providence at this interval gave to my anxious wishes the usual land wind, common in this bay, and my expectations were completed. We were all hands emplo ed warping and towing off, and by the help of the light air, the whole were under sail, and came to anchor out of reach of sheils about two in the morning, after twelve hours incessant labour. The flotilla of mortar, gun, and rocket boats, under the direction of their respective artillery officers, shared, to the full extent of their power, in the honours of this day, and performed good service; it was by their fire all the ships in the port (with the exception of the outer frigate) were in flames, which extended rapidly over the whole årsenal, store houses, and gun-boats, exhibiting a spectacle of awful grandeur and interest which no pen can describe. The sloops of war which had been appropriated to aid and assist the ships of the line, and prepare for their retreat, performed not only that duty well, but embraced every opportunity of firing through the intervals, and were constantly in motion. The sheils from the bombs were admirably well thrown by the royal marine artillery, and though thrown directly across and over us, not an accident that I know of occurred to any ship. The whole was conducted in perfect silence, and such a thing as a cheer I never heard in any part of the line; and that the guns were well worked and di rected, will be seen for many years to come, and remembered by these barbarians for ever. Not an officer nor man confined his exertions within the precise limits of his own duty; all were eager to attempt services which I found more difficult to restrain than excite.-The Algerines' loss was between 6 and 7,000 men. Abstract of the Killed and Wounded. Total, 15 officers, 88 seamen, 19 marines, I marine artillery, 1 rocket troop, 4 boys, killed; 59 officers, 459 seamen, 106 marines, 5 marine artillery, 14 sappers and miners, 4 rocket troop, 31 boys, 12 supernumeraries, wounded. Total British killed and wounded-128 killed, 690 wounded. Dutch Squadron, 13 killed, 52 woundedGrand total, 883. MEMORANDUM OF THE DESTRUCTION IN THE MOLE OF ALGIERS IN THE ATTACK OF THE 27TH AUGUST, 1816. 4 large frigates, of 44 guns; 5 large corboats, except 7; 30' destroyed; several mervettes, from 24 to 30; all the gun and mortar chant brigs and schooners; a great number of small vessels of various descriptions; all the pontoons, lighters, &c.; store-houses and arsenal, with all the timber and various marine carriages, mortar-beds, casks, and ships stores articles, destroyed in part; a great many gunof all descriptions. EXMOUTH. Queen Charlotte, Algiers Bay, August 30, 1816.. mander in Chief is happy to inform the GENERAL MEMORANDUM.-The Comfleet of the final termination of their streconfirmed under a salute of twenty-one nuous exertions, by the signing of peace, us, on the following conditions, dictated by his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of England: slavery. I. The abolition, for ever, of Christian in the dominious of the Dey, to whatever II. The delivery to my flag of all slaves nation they may belong, at noon to-mor row. received by him for the redemption of III. To deliver also to my flag all money slaves, since the commencement of this year, at noon also to-morrow. British Cousul for all losses he may have IV. Reparation has been made to the sustained in consequence of his contine ment. in the presence of his ministers and officers, V. The Dey has made a public apology and begged pardon of the Consul, in terms dictated by the Captain of the Queen Charlotte. The Commander in Chief takes this opportnuity of again returning his public thanks to the admirals, captains, officers, seamen, marines, royal marine artillery, royal sappers and miners, and royal rocket corps, for the noble support he has receiv- the Queen Charlotte lashed herself; closer ed from them throughout the whole of this in with the shore, in the bosom of the hararduous service; and he is pleased to direct bour, were two Algerine frigates, and the that on Sunday next a public thanksgiving rest of the Algerine navy behind them. be offered up to Almighty God, for the sig-The fury and tremendous nature of the nal interposition of his Divine Providence, bombardment are already known to our during the conflict which took place on the readers. It continued with little intermis. 27th, between his Majesty's fleet and the sion from near three till near eleven; the ferocious enemies of mankind. It is re-Algerines fighting all the time with the utquested that this memorandum may be read to the ships' companies. FURTHER PARTICULARS OF THE LATE The more we consider the late victo, most fury and desperation, but yet with great skill and effect. About ten it was deemed advisable to take a larger offing during the night. It was extremely dark indeed; but the darkness was illuminated by a violent storm of lightning; with thunJer, which came on suddenly, and by the incessant fire of the batteries. Nothing, say private letters, could be more grand and awful. modesty of Lord Exmouth omitted; viz. Captain Brisbane states a fact, which the that his Lordship received two wounds in the late memorable action, one in the Cheek, and another in the thigh, but happity neither of them of a severe nature. That the Dey looked for hostilities is certain: our public papers had informed him, as had (it is supposed) the French in his voured to find, or make friends, at Constan. interest. He had, on this occasion, endeatinople, by means of PRESENTS TO THE GRAND SEIGNIOR. On the 224 of July the Grand Vizier gave a solemn audience to the Envoy from the Dey of Algiers, who was not admitted into the Sultan's presence. The presents from the Dey to his Highness were to the value of 3,000 purses (about 150,000 dollars). They consisted of a certain number of Moorish slaves, of both sexes; three fine Barbary horses, the saddles and harnessing of which were enriched with gold and precious stones; several fine arms, mounted with gold and coral; a brilliant solitaire; a rich snuff box, carried on a a silver stand, with corals, amber, and oriental perfumes; eight lions; four tigers; six ostriches; several paroquets; ten leopard skins; as many tiger skins; some Algerine dresses, richly embroidered; a quantity of Barbary carpeting, of all colours. these presents were carried with great pomp through the streets of Constantinople. The wild beasts were put in iron cages, and carried to the Grand Seignior's palace. In the evening, the Tersana Emini (Intendant of the Arsenal) delivered, by order of the Grand Vizier, to M. Francis Klezel, Second Dragoman of the Austrian Legation, the slaves set at liberty by the Regency of Algiers, in virtue of the Grand Seiguior's firman, consisting partly of Aus All trian subjects, and partly of the subjects | of other Powers who had described themselves as Austrians. These slaves were conducted to the Depot of Pera, where a report on them was drawn up, and measures immediately taken to provide for their maintenance, and to procure them clothes, and such other things as they might need. AMERICA: BRITISH. Harvest probably deficient. In consequence of the backwardness of the season in that quarter, and to provide against scarcity from a deficiency of the crops, Major-General Wilson, Administrator of the Government of Lower Canada, issued a proclamation, dated Quebec, July 9th, 1816, forbidding the exportation by sea or land, or by inland navigation, from the said province, of wheat, flour, biscuit, beans, and grain of all kinds used in making bread. Boston, July 26.-The following is an extract of a letter from Quebec,dated June 27, to a respectable merchant in this town: "The present scarcity has caused our Government to open our port for the reception of all kinds of flour, grain, and provisions from the United States, for threemonths, in British vessels. The proclamation will be out immediately. The price of flour is from 17 to 18 dollars." Steam Boats. planks and cork alternately: it carries 44 guns, four of which are 100 pounders, the others are from 42 to 60. Besides which, in order to prevent boarding, it can discharge upon its assailants a hundred gallons of boiling water every minute. By the same mechanism likewise, 330 sabres are moved outside its port-holes with the most perfect regularity: and four times every minute, as many long spears are darted out with the most incredible force, and pulled back every time for a fresh emission. What human power can overcome the effects of such a dreadful machine? It is the chef dauvre of mechanism; it is at the very top of art, being more wonderful, because, though useless for attack, it is invincible in defence. The Americans have also invented boats, the wheels of which, instead of being put in motion by steam, are moved by horses embarked on board, and which work as in a riding-house. It may be suggested that this way may be as advantageous as the other, but experiment must decide.-(Journal des Debats.) It is curious to observe the fruit of French turns of expression: this article we American descriptive powers grafted on take to be such a curiosity-no offence to the Editor of the Journal des Debuts. Recent letters from America state that there are at present building on the American stocks 17 ships of the line, and 23 frigates, besides 20 steam-frigates, a kind of floating battery, destined to defend the harbours and roads. (Via France.) Emigrants returning. Extract from a Quebec Paper, dated July 18, 1816. "His Excellency Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, G. C. B. and their respective suites, arrived in the harbour on Fridaying important fact :-"On the 26th of June morning last, in the steam-boat Malsham, from on board his Majesty's ship Niger, off river Quelle." AMERICA: UNITED STATES. Steam Boats. The Boston Paper of the 7th of August as the following paragraph:-"The steam boat Fulton is under contract to sail for Russia, from New York, and to arrive in Russia by the 1st of December." A letter from America, states the followsailed from New York, for Liverpool, a vessel having on board 196 persons stowed in the steerage and other miserable stations of the vessel, being wretched English manufacturers and others returning to Britain, union that would produce them bed and not being able to get employment in this board." Several of the Swiss who recently emigrated to America, have written home such dismal accounts of the distresses they experience, as to have completely extinguished the rage for emigration in that quarter. Bibles Benevolence. : NEW YORK, AUG. 10. We regret to state, that the steam boat, Vesuvius, on the Mississippi, took fire on the 13th ult. and was burnt to the water's edge. A Hon. Elias Boudinot, Esq. the venerable cargo of goods, to the amount of 200,000 President of the American Bible Society, dollars, shared the fate of the steam boat. has presented a donation of ten thousand She took fire from her furnace it is sup-dollars to that establishment, the interest posed. WONDERFUL STEAM FRIGATE.-A Steam Frigate was launched at New York last year, three hundred feet in length, two hundred feet in breadth, and thirteen feet thick at the sides, which are composed of oak of which will furnish 1000 Bibles annually for gratuitous distribution.-N. York Christian Herald, June 22, 1816. The exports from Savannah for nine months, ending the 30th Joue last, are stated at 94,147 bales of cotton, 21,919 |