Drawing from the Figure,)
Antique, &c.

Modelling in Glay, &c.

Painting in Oil from Life,

&c.

Mr. W. K. SHENTON.

Mr. C. ARMITAGE.

Rev. ALFRED AINGER, M.A.

Prof. A. MANDRON, M.A.

Dr. HEINEMANN.
Prof. VOLPE.

Rev. ALFRED AINGER, M.A.
Dr. G. G. ZERFFI.

Mr. A. SONNENSCHEIN.

Prof. W. F. BARRETT, F.C.S.

Mr. ALFRED W. BENNETT, M.A. B.Sc.

Mr. LINDSAY SLOPER, Sir JULIUS
BENEDICT, Mr. ARTHUR SULLIVAN.
Harmony and Composition JOHN STAINER, Mus. Doc, M.A.
Singing
Mdme. ST. GERMAINE, Sig. RIZZELLI.
Ballad Singing
Mr. ARTHUR SULLIVAN.

Artistic Wood Carving

1 M. LOUIS D'EGVILLE.
Mr. GEORGE GILBERT.

Mr. G. A. ROGERS.

EVENING LECTURES.

CHEMISTRY-Mr. W. N. HARTLEY.

Mondays and Thursdays at 7 o'clock. Fee for the Course, 1 11s. 6d

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS-Mr. W. N. HARTLEY.

Tuesdays, from 7 till 9 o'clock. Fee, La 25.

TION, in connection with University College, London.-Two Evening Courses of Lectures (adapted to teachers and candidates for examinations, will be given to Ladies at University College, respectively, on the Study of English, by Prof. Morley, on Mondays at 6, beginning Oct. 13; and on English History, by Prof. Bund, on Wednesdays at 5.30, beginning Oct. 15.

The Day Classes will open on Monday, October 27. Prospectuses to had at the office in the College, or of J. E. Mylne, 27, Oxford Square, W.

SCIENCE TUITION BY CORRESPON-
DENCE.-Mr. ROUTLEDGE, B.Sc. F.C.S., Bowdon, Cheshire.

SCHOLASTIC or Otherwise.-A Situation will be required after Christmas by an Analytical Chemist, an F.C.S., well accustomed to Tuition. At present Assistant Chemical Master in a Public School. Highest testimonials, prize medal, &c.-AddressA.P.S., Mr. Billington, Rugby.

BRITISH INSECTS, CABINETS, AND BOOKS.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce he

will Sell by Auction, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, on Friday, October 24, at half-past 12 o clock precisely, the choice Collection of BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA and other Insects, together with the Mahogany Cabinets and Library of Entomological, Botanical, Chemical, and Zoological Works formed by William Marshall, Esq., at Clay Hill, Enfield.

On view the day prior and morning of sale, and Catalogues had one week prior.

MICROSCOPE

FOR

Stand, 2 Eyepieces, 1,,,
Price Sixteen Guineas; cost
London.

SALE.-First-class

objectives, &c. ; in handsome Cabinet. double.-K., 246, Kennington Road,

Vols. I. to V. (strongly bound in cloth) may be obtained by purchasers of J. A. KENNETT AND

h entire set to date, at the increased price of ros. each; the succeeding

vols. may be had separately or together at 75. each.

London: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row.
N.B.-Communications, &c., should be sent to the Editors at the above

their way. Moreover, we should think that those who have the framing of these Regulations ought to be proud to think that our country produces so many men of science whom foreign sovereigns delight to honour, and instead of throwing obstructions in the way, should afford every reasonable facility to those who are thus honoured to accept and wear the Foreign Orders which may be offered to them. We cannot see that in any way their doing so would endanger the safety of the country nor be derogatory to the dignity and honour of our sovereign. May we not hope, then, that these Regulations as to Foreign Orders should not for ever remain as they are? They certainly permit one to infer that the only glory which those who promulgate them desire to see shed upon their country, is the barbarous glory which can be gained by a good fighter.

parison. On the whole, the author concludes that “if we represent the divisions of the Articulata like the branching of a tree, we must picture the Collembola and Thysanura as separate branches, though small ones, and much more closely connected with the Insecta than with the Crustacea and Arachnida."* After the chapters on the previous literature of Thysanura and their classification and affinities, comes what to many naturalists will be the most interesting part of the book, a discussion on the evolution of Insects, the origin of wings, and the light thrown on these questions by the study of the groups in hand. It would be impossible to do justice to this chapter in the limits of this article, and it is the less necessary since Sir John Lubbock has lately given our readers an exposition of his views on this subject in the series of papers lately published in these columns on the MetaWe shall be glad to receive the opinions of scientific morphosis of Insects. The remainder of the work conmen on this question.

sists of a general account of the anatomy of the Collembola and Thysanura, in which there are numerous exceedingly valuable original observations, and a systematic

LUBBOCK'S "MONOGRAPH OF THE COL- description of the characters, habitat, manners and

THE

LEMBOLA AND THYSANURA”

Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir
John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., &c. Pp. 265. Seventy-
eight plates. (Printed for the Ray Society: 1873.)
HE insects which constitute the Linnæan genus
Podura, though small and apparently insignificant,
present many interesting peculiarities of structure, and
still more interesting characters bearing on the great
problem of the true affinities and historical evolution of
insects generally. They have, however, been compara-
tively neglected, and those who have worked at their
classification have often done so in ignorance of each
other's labours, so that the nomenclature of the group is
confused. Sir John Lubbock has patiently investigated
the characters of the British species, and compared them
with those given by Gervais, Nicolet, Bourlet, and Tull-
berg. The genera he has been led to adopt are arranged
in a tabular form on page 39. He gives good reasons for
separating Podura, Degeeria, Sminthurus, and their allies
from Lepisma and Campodea; and, while retaining
Latreille's name Thysanura for the latter group, proposes
for the remainder the new term Collembola" (kódda,
Eußodov), in allusion to the projection by which they attach
themselves to foreign bodies. If this be adopted, there
will be no title to designate all the insects belonging to
Latreille's Thysanura; but though there is some inconve-
nience in restricting the meaning of a term already in
use, the author would probably hold that the distinctions
between the two orders are too great for them to retain
with advantage a common name. The change would
then be very much like what has been made in separating
the herbivorous Cetacea of Cuvier from the rest, giving
them a new name, and retaining the old one for the re-
mainder. The relative affinities of either group to other

Arthropoda are difficult to decide on. The absence of

wings has long, and with ample reason, been discarded by entomologists as a character of importance in classification; the absence of trachea, though at first sight more important, does not apply to Sminthurus (not Smynthurus); the mouth is unlike either the mandibulate or the suctorial type; and the caudal appendage and ventral tube are too peculiar to be of service for com

customs of the various genera and species at present known, with copious synonymy. The value of the work is further enhanced by an appendix by Mr. Joseph Beck, on the Scales of Collembola and Thysanura, illustrated by twelve beautiful microscopic drawings, from the hand of the late Mr. Richard Beck. Thus the various points of interest offered by the groups treated of, to the microscopist, the entomologist, and the natural philosopher, are fully illustrated. Beside the figures, most of them coloured, many showing different stages of growth, which illustrate nearly fifty of the species described in the text, there are numerous careful outlines of anatomical details, which supply what is too often neglected by systematic naturalists. The tribute paid by the author to the artist whose intelligent skill has overcome the most grievous obstacles, will be endorsed by all who see these beautiful drawings.

We congratulate the Ray Society on the production of so excellent a work. This and the preceding volume by Prof. Allman on the Gymnoblastic Hydroids, will maintain its reputation, and we trust that a society to which we owe such works as Darwin's "Cirripedia," Parker's "Shouldergirdle," and Huxley's "Oceanic Hydrozoa," will continue to make so good a choice of books to publish, and will be still more widely supported than it is. P. S.

MONCKHOVEN'S "PHOTOGRAPHY" Traité General de Photographie. Sixième Edition. Par Dr. v. Monckhoven. Avec figures dans le texte et trois planches photographiques. (Paris, 1873. Georges Masson, Libraire-Editeur, Place de l'Ecole de Médecine.)

THE great advance made by photography as an art,

and the yearly increasing number of processes, have made it almost an impossibility for anyone (not professionally engaged as a photographer to keep abreast of the tide of improvement.

*The relation of both to the Myriopoda is expressed in a sentence which some error of the press has rendered unintelligible. It would seem to make the Collembola, alone, a group of equal "value" with Myriopoda. We may remark here that there are an unusual number of misprints.

It is therefore with great pleasure that we welcome Dr. v. Monckhoven's "Traité Général," which seems to omit nothing in the way of recent additions to the number of photographic processes.

The Doctor commences his book with an historical notice of the origin of the art, in the course of which the irrepressible Egyptians make their appearance as having undoubtedly observed the effects of light on certain bodies; but, unfortunately, they have not handed their experience in the matter to posterity. The Egyptians and Greeks, however, having been disposed of, we have sixteen pages of really very useful historical matter, so arranged that a short paragraph is devoted to each of the more important processes, and which is rendered still more valuable by numerous references to the original papers of the various investigators to whom we owe the art.

The author then proceeds to give a sketch of the nature of light. Perhaps in a treatise of this sort one cannot expect a very comprehensive definition of such a subject. Still, however, something more satisfactory than the following might have been expected . . . . " il existe nécessairement entre le soleil et nous, un certain mode de communication dont nos yeux sont l'intermédiare; c'est ce mode de communication qui constitue ce que l'on appelle la lumière."

the subject. Suffice it to say, that the general effect of this process seems to be like that of the elixir vitæ, and to make the happy patient young and handsome again.

We find considerable information also on photographic enamelling, and on the production of enlargements, where we observe that the heliostat and its use are described.

The work is illustrated with 280 woodcuts, executed in a style which is only found in foreign scientific works, and three specimen photographs are also given. In conclusion we must congratulate Dr. van Monckhoven on the production of so useful a book, hoping only that the chemical portion will be modernised and extended in future editions. Why do not some of our many amateur or professional photographers devote some attention to the chemical nature of their art? Of the rationale of many of the reactions we know absolutely nothing, and of the others 'our knowledge is not much greater. Such a research would not be of theoretical value only, but would materially aid in the attainment of that perfect application of means to ends by which alone the best results either in art or science can be obtained.

OUR BOOK SHELF

The Relations of the Air to the Clothes we wear, the
Houses we live in, and the Soil we dwell on. Three
popular lectures delivered before the Albert Society at
Dresden. By Dr. Max von Pettenkofer, Professor of
Hygiene at the University of Munich, &c. Abridged
and translated by Augustus Hess, M.D., Member of the
Royal College of Physicians, London, &c. (London:
Trübner and Co., 1873.)

We then have a sketch of the chemical action of light, and a very good description of what a photographic laboratory ought to be, but, we fear, very rarely is. Considerable space is devoted to a description of the method of preparing the various substances required, including gun-cotton and collodion; and here we may observe that Dr. van Monckhoven makes use of the old system of DR. HESS has done well in translating these lectures by so chemical equivalents obsolete in England, and very nearly great an authority on hygiene as Dr. Pettenkofer. Though so on the Continent, a proceeding which is to be regretted the author does not believe that any knowledge of real value in a work which is likely to remain for some time a can be imparted by means of popular lectures, still they standard book on its subject. We have noticed that serve a good purpose in the way of "scientific edification and elevation, which are to raise our minds and hearts photographers are singularly conservative on this point, and to affect us like listening to good music." Though for, to the best of our belief, there is not even now a photo-we in this country have perhaps less need to be instructed graphic journal which makes use of the present atomic in the rules of hygiene than the mass of people on the system of notation, a system which even nine years ago Continent, still, it will be universally admitted that very was largely used by chemists. A really admirable few are acquainted with the principles which underlie chapter on photographic optics succeeds that on photo-healthy living, and still fewer can be at the trouble to put graphic chemistry; one soon perceives how much the art has owed to the lenses constructed on the formulæ of Dallmeyer and Steinheil, and to the credit of English opticians we find that in the summary the lenses of the former are stated to surpass all others.

After dealing with cameras, printing frames, studios, and every other photographic requisite, the various processes are dealt with at length. Here we may note that specimens are given of two of the more recent mechanical printing processes, the Woodburytype," and "Heliotype." Both are pigment methods, and so are not liable to the slow fading inevitable to the ordinary prints containing silver. Of them we can only say that while it is difficult to imagine that any process can surpass the former for artistic effect, the latter seems equally unsurpassable for any purpose requiring excessively minute and faithful reproduction of fine detail, such as is required in copying maps, prints, or diagrams.

A specimen of what is modestly termed the "retouche des clichés," is also given, but here we feel that we are treading on dangerous ground, as a portrait of a lady is

them into practice. In the little volume before us, which is well translated by Dr. Hess, the author expounds in an interesting and yet thoroughly scientific manner, the rationale of healthy living so far as our relations to the air are concerned, and shows the scientific principles on which we should choose our clothes both as to material houses. In the third lecture he speaks of the relations of and make, and which should guide us in building our the air to the soil, or on the Ground-air, and shows how much remains to be done before the principles of hygiene and their practical application can reach anything like perfection. The following extracts will give an idea of Dr. Pettenkofer's method of treatment :

With regard to Clothing, the author says:—“ When exposed to luminous heat, the materials of our clothing do not show very great differences, but in experimenting on shirtings of different colours, the following result was obtained :-When white absorbed 100, pale straw colour absorbed 102, dark yellow 140, light green 155, dark green 168, Turkish red 165, light blue 198, black 208. In the shade these differences nearly vanish. Krieger, in experimenting on tin cylinders filled with warm water, has found that a double tight covering by the same material does not retard the heat loss much more than a single one; but when the outer layer was