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By JAMES NICOL, F.R.S. E. F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. Edinburgh: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. THE LANDS OF CAZEMBE; a Volume Journey of the Pombeiros. Translated by B. A. Beadle, Esq. A Résumé of the Journey of Monteiro and Gamitio. By Dr. C. Beke. (With a Map by Keith Johnston, junr.) Fellows are entitled to a Copy of the above Work on applying for it at the Office, 1, Savile Row, Burlington Gardens. London; JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, W. Just published, in crown 8vo, price One Shilling, PRINCIPAL FORBES and HIS BIO- Printed by R. CLAY, SONS & TAYLOR, at 7 and 8, Bread Street Hill, in the City of London, and published by MACMILLAN & Co. at the Office, 29, and 30, Bedford Street, Covent Garden.-THURSDAY, August 21, 1873. The NEXT ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING will be held at BRADFORD, commencing on Wednesday, September 17. President Designate, Professor A. W. WILLIAMSON, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., In the place of J. P. 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HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS. -Unwholesome Changes.-The changeable weather is causing much sickness, and exerting the most deleterious influence in deranging the secretions of the body. Alternating chills and heats so derange the capillary circulation that the liver, stomach, or iungs must become disordered. Holloway's Ointment well rubbed over these organs twice a day provides the quickest, safest, and best corrective. It penetrates the skin, enters the deeper structures, purifies their blood, cleanses their substance, equalises their circulation, and renders their secretions abundant, without annoying, irritating, or exhausting the weakest or most delicate invalid. Colds, coughs, influenzas, and other chest complaints originating in damp, variable seasons, are checked in their debilitating careers and cured by Holloway's remedies. 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But this end may be secured by means of Fellowships tenable only for a limited period. It has been urged that the feeling of security given by the system of unlimited tenure greatly enhances the value of a Fellowship. No doubt it is a very comfortable thing for a young man to feel that, come what may, he is secure of an income so long as he chooses to remain single. But we can see no adequate reason why he should be thus comforted at the expense of the College, when he has preferred the more attractive prospect of a professional career in the outer world to the work of the College. "We are therefore decidedly of opinion that the Fellowships awarded as prizes are excessive in number if not in After giving a list of the Scholarships filled up in Ox-value, and that the system ought to be remodelled. We ford from January to December 1872, it is remarked that "it is evident upon a comparison of the numbers contained in this list that the Scholarships offered for Natural Science are but a small fraction of the whole number. The state of the case appears to be that the Colleges do not offer Scholarships for Natural Science because they fear they would not get good candidates from the schools; and the schools do not teach Natural Science because they are afraid of injuring the prospects of their pupils by diminishing their chances of obtaining a Scholarship. It cannot be doubted that the effect upon the schools of this unequal distribution of rewards has been, and is, very discouraging to scientific study; and that it has exerted a most unfavourable influence upon the number of Natural Science students." Without being prepared to concur in this estimate of the relative value of the two objects, we are nevertheless of opinion that it is of great importance, with the view of promoting the study of Natural Science in the first grade schools throughout the country, that there should be an immediate, and ultimately a large, increase in the number of Scholarships offered for this subject by the Colleges. The part of the report which deals with the Fellowships is of great importance. After quoting from the evidence of the Chancellor of the University of Oxford and others, evidence to the effect that the present application of the revenues to Fellowships is exceedingly unsatisfactory, the report proceeds :- "Whilst giving every weight to the considerations urged by Prof. Jowett, and admitting to the fullest extent the great stimulus which the higher education has received at Oxford from the system of election to Fellowships by open competition, we are nevertheless satisfied by the evidence laid before us that an unduly large proportion of the revenues of the Colleges is expended in sinecure Fellowships; and we have reason to believe that this opinion is shared by a large and increasing number of the resident members of both Universities. "It is doubtless advantageous to the country at large, as has been urged by some of our witnesses, that young men of ability, who choose to enter into one of the great professions, should be supported, or nearly so, in the early years of their professional career, and thereby be enabled to apply themselves at once to the higher studies of their profession, instead of wasting their energies in drudgery of some kind, for the mere purpose of obtaining No. 200-VOL. VIII. are further of opinion that in any such remodelling a considerable proportion of the Fellowships should be suppressed or consolidated for the purposes of contributing to the general fund of the University and of endowing, within the Colleges and the University, new institutions, new offices, in aid of education or research. But it must be remembered that, as Prof. Jowett has stated, the property of the Colleges at Oxford, in some instances at least is greatly increasing, so that quite independently of the suppression of Fellowships there will in all probability be considerable sums available for these purposes. In any case, therefore, we are prepared to admit that a great part of the Fellowships ought to be retained as Fellowships, and the problem that has to be solved is how to employ those which are so retained in the most useful manner possible. : "The following are the chief purposes to which, in our judgment, the Fellowships should be applied :"In the first place, a certain but not a very large proportion of the Fellowships will be always required, as at present, for the payment of the persons entrusted with the management of the College estates, and with the government and administration of the Colleges themselves. "Secondly, a large number of the Fellowships is at present employed, and probably a still larger number ought hereafter to be employed, in connection with the instruction given in the Colleges. "Thirdly, a smaller, but still a considerable number of Fellowships ought to be employed as Terminable Prize Fellowships. "Fourthly, a certain number of Fellowships ought, as we have already said, to be united with Professorships in the University; the University professor becoming ex officio a Fellow of the College and a member of its governing body. "Lastly, it is, in our opinion, most important that a certain number of Fellowships should be appropriated to the direct promotion of learning and research in various directions. It has been objected to this proposal that the Fellowship system, as hitherto administered, has not shown any great tendency to encourage original research, either in the field of learning or in that of Science; that, when an office is created simply and solely with the view of giving a man leisure and opportunity for original research, there is always the appearance, to say the least, of creating a sinecure; and that it is impossible, as Prof. Jowett has said, to get a man for money who can make a discovery. But, though you cannot get a man for money T country in favour of the wide diffusion of education, and of the improvement of all arrangements and appliances which tend to promote it, from the simplest forms of primary instruction up to the most advanced teaching that can be given in an University. But there is some reason to believe that the preservation and increase of knowledge are objects which are not as generally appreciated by the public, and of which the importance is not so widely felt as it should be. On this point we would direct especial attention to the remarks of Sir Benjamin Brodie: For education we construct an elaborate and costly machinery, and are willing, for this end, to make sacrifices: but, on the other hand, the far more difficult task of extending to make a discovery, you may enable a man who has shown a special capacity for research to exert his powers; and we are of opinion that, unless an effort is made to do this, one of the great purposes for which learned bodies, such as the Colleges, exist, may run the risk of being wholly lost sight of. Scientific discoveries rarely bring any direct profit to their authors, nor is it desirable that original investigation should be undertaken with a view to immediate pecuniary results. 'Research,' as Lord Salisbury has observed, is unremunerative; it is highly desirable for the community that it be pursued, and, therefore, the community must be content that funds should be set aside to be given, without any immediate and calculable return in work, to those by whom the re-knowledge is left to the care of individuals, to be accomsearch is to be pursued.' "It may be that properly qualified candidates for such scientific offices would not at first be numerous, but we believe that eventually a considerable number of Fellowships might be advantageously devoted to the encouragement of original research. "We think that such Fellowships as might be expressly destined for the advancement of Science and Learning should only be conferred on men who by their successful labours have already given proof of their earnest desire, and of their ability, to promote knowledge; and we believe that appointments, made with a due regard to this principle, would be abundantly justified by results. A man who has once acquired the habit of original scientific work, is very unlikely ever to lose it, excepting through a total failure of his health and strength; and even if it occasionally happened that a Fellowship awarded on the grounds of merit, as shown in original research, should only contribute to the comfort of the declining years of an eminent man of science, there are many persons who would feel that it could not have been better expended in any other way. "We should not wish to attach any educational duties properly so called to a Fellowship awarded with a view of encouraging original research in Science. But for many reasons we should think it desirable that the holder of such a Fellowship should be expected to give an account, from time to time, in the form of public discourses, of the most recent researches [in his own department of Science." The last section of the Report dealing with the duty of the Universities and Colleges with regard to the advancement of Science is so important that we give it at length : "Research a primary Duty of the Universities "On no point are the witnesses whom we have examined more united than they are in the expression of the feeling that it is a primary duty of the Universities to assist in the Advancement of Learning and Science, and not to be content with the position of merely educational bodies. We entirely concur with the impression thus conveyed to us by the evidence, and we are of opinion that the subject is one to which it is impossible to call attention too strongly. We think that if the Universities should fail to recognise the duty of promoting original research, they would be in danger of ceasing to be centres of intellectual activity, and a means of advancing Science would be lost sight of which, in this country, would not easily be supplied in any other way. There is no doubt that at the present time there is a very strong feeling in the plished as it may; and yet it is this alone which renders education itself possible. I really am inclined to think that in former days a more real and earnest desire must have existed to preserve knowledge as a valuable national commodity for its own sake than exists now; and the reason that I say this is, that we have existing in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge records of another condition of things with regard to knowledge than that which exists at present. In the first place we have extensive libraries which could only have been founded and preserved for the sake of the preservation of knowledge itself; and in the next place the collegiate foundations in the Universities were originally and fundamentally, although not absolutely and entirely, destined for the same objects. . . . This object is certainly not less important in modern than in ancient society. I presume that in the middle ages knowledge would altogether have perished if it had not been for such foundations, and it appears that now from other causes the pursuit of knowledge and of general scientific investigation is subject to very real dangers, though of another kind to those which then prevailed, and which make it very desirable for us to preserve any institutions through which scientific discovery and the investigation of truth may be promoted. . The dangers to which I refer are dangers which arise partly even from the growing perception of the practical importance of knowledge, which causes a very great draught indeed to be made upon the scientific intelligence of the country. In the first place, almost every scientific man is caught up instantly for educational purposes, for the object of teaching alone; and, in the next place, a very great draught indeed is made upon Science for economical purposes; I mean for purposes connected with practical life. In sanitary matters we have numerous examples of the vast amount of work done by scientific men for public and practical objects. So that the supply of scientific men is not equal to the demand for those objects alone. Manufactures offer another great field of scientific employment, and it is to be observed that these are the only ways through which an income can be obtained, the pursuit of scientific truth being an absolutely unremunerative occupation.' "We believe that the dangers referred to in these remarks are real; and their existence induces us to lay down, as emphatically as possible, the position that the promotion of original work in Science should be regarded as one of the main functions of the Universities, and should be specially incumbent upon the holders of those fellowships which, as we have already recommended, |