"Several good mines have been opened within a few years in the neighborhood of Quarryville and New Providence, and large quantities of ore are taken out, but its quality being cold short, the ore requires to be mixed with other ores of a different character to produce good iron.

"At Conowingo an excellent quality of ore has been worked for a number of years, but the mine is not sufficiently developed to judge of its extent.

The 13 anthracite furnaces in the county in operation at the present time, use not less than 180,000 tons of ore per annum to produce 71,000 tons of pig iron; of this quantity about 50,000 tons of ore are mined in the county, and of the balance of 130,000 tons, the most is taken from York county; some from Cornwall, in Lebanon county, and some from Perry and Cumberland counties. It may be estimated that about 30,000 tons of ore are taken from Lancaster county to Phoenixville, Danville and other places, thus making the production of this county about 80,000 tons of ore per annum, which, multified by $4 per ton as the average value at the mines, would represent $320,000 worth of mineral per annum.

"The value of 71,000 tons of pig metal produced in this county at the present time, is not less than $2,500,000 per annum; and of railroad and merchant's bar-iron $1,000,000. Nine-tenths of the cost of pig iron is for actual labor, the value of the raw material being very small, and of the 2 million dollars' worth of iron produced, $2,250,000 goes to the laborer, it requiring 18 days' work to produce 1 ton of pig metal, thus showing that what creates so much labor must be of vast advantage to the farmer and storekeeper-the iron business."

PAPER MILLS.1

Of the early history of Paper-making in Lancaster county, we have very little definite information. Fifty years ago, the late Mr. John Triewitz, of this city, had a paper mill at Ephrata. At that time he was manufacturing "pasteboard" by the old and tedious hand-process. He also manufactured print paper, and in later years supplied Mr. Baer with paper for the Volksfreund. Of course, the paper was all made by the old fashioned hand-process. The mill was subsequently converted into a saw-mill.

About thirty years ago B. B. Eshleman was engaged in the manufacture of handmade paper, at what was for many years known as Eshleman's Mill, on the West Branch of the Octoraro, in Bart township. We are unable to fix the exact date of the enterprise. The manufacture, however, was carried on only in a small way, and was not a financial success.

In December 1854, Jno. R. Bitner, C. A. Bitner, Baltzer Lipp, Wm. C. Beecher, and Samuel Beecher, purchased the old "Fulling Mill," on the Conestoga, at Eden, from D. G. Swartz, and commenced remodeling it for a paper mill. They procured a new cylinder paper machine from Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, and had their rag engines constructed at the mill. In the fall of 1855, they commenced operations, Mr. Lipp being Superintendent. The mill was calculated for a production of 1500 Hs per day, but it was soon found that the power was inadequate for such a result. On the 31st of March 1856, one half of the interest of the Messrs. Bitners was sold to Dr. J. H. Kurtz, and shortly after the concern passed into the hands of Kurtz & Lipp, the Bitners and Beechers withdrawing. In 1859 the enterprise failed, and in 1860, the mill was purchased by Emanuel Shober, who ran it very successfully for six or seven years, his being the first pecuniary success in paper-making in this county. He supplied the deficiency in water-power with a steam engine and thus doubled the production. During most of this time George Ehrhart was foreman of the mill, and John A. Shober business manager.

In 1866 Emanuel Shober purchased the excellent water-power and grist and saw mill on the Conestoga, at Slackwater, and at once made preparations to convert it

1 Contributed by J. M. W. Geist, Esq.

into a paper mill. In 1867 the machinery of the Eden mill was moved into the mill at Slackwater, the Eden property having in the meantime been sold to Benj. Harnish, who has since erected a grist mill thereon. The mills at Slackwater now run eleven rag-engines and two paper machines, one a Fourdrinier and the other a cylinder. The establishment is owned by Emanuel Shober, and John A. Shober is the Superintendent. The product has thus far been confined to book and news print of "machine-finish," and an excellent quality of heavy manilla.

In 1855, Benjamin Snavely and Frederick Myers purchased the water-power and turning shop at Camargo, Eden-twp., from the late Christian H. Breneman, and commenced the erection of a paper mill, under the superintendence of Mr. Breneman. The machinery was built by Nelson Gavitt, of Philadelphia, about the same time he built the machinery for the Eden mill. It consisted of two rag-engines and a seventytwo inch cylinder paper machine. It was soon found that the water-power was inadequate to turn out a profitable product, and auxiliary steam power had to be introduced. The paper was sold by the Camargo Manufacturing Company, consisting of Benjamin Snavely, C. H. Breneman and B. F. Breneman, who had their warerooms in Lancaster city. Owing to the great distance the coal, stock and manufactured product had to be transported from the railroad, and the low price of paper at that period (ordinary news selling as low as eight cents per pound,) the enterprise did not prove profitable, and it was abandoned in 1862, and the machinery sold, some of it having been since purchased by Mr. Shober for his mills at Slackwater.

In the fall of 1865 a company was organized in Lancaster under the general manufacturing laws of the State, for the purpose of engaging in the manufacture of printing paper. The enterprise originated with the Newspaper Publishers of Lancaster, whose primary object was to secure increased accommodations in their supply of paper, but their plan of operations was subsequently changed and materially extended. The company purchased the old Binkley Mill property, at Binkley's Bridge, on the Conestoga, and commenced building operations on the first of April, 1866. The company consisted of John I. Hartman and John A. Hiestand, of the Examiner; R. A. Baer and C. R. Baer, of the Volksfreund; J. H. Pearsol and J. M. W. Geist, of the Express; John M. Cooper and Wm. A. Morton, of the Intelligencer; Wm. M. Wiley, Jno. R. Bitner, C. A. Bitner, B. F. Baer, and Geo. Ehrhart. The latter was elected Superintendent and C. R. Baer, Treasurer. The new buildings were erected, the machinery in place, and the Mill in operation in September following. In November, 1867, Mr. Cooper withdrew, disposing of his interest to the Messrs. Bitner, and on April 1, 1868, Mr. Ehrhart retired, disposing of his interest to the Company. He was succeeded by Adam H. Lindsay, of Greenville, Conn., as Superintendent, who still has the management of the practical details of the Mill. The buildings are substantial stone structures, and the machinery, which was built by John L. Seaverns, of Worcester, Mass., was put in new and of the best quality. It consists of three large rag-engines, one seventy-two inch Fourdrinier machine, and a four-roll stack of calenders for super-calendering book paper, with the usual additional appliances of a modern paper mill. A reservoir of spring water adjoining the mill, sixty feet square and twelve feet deep, is one of the best in the country, The establishment is known as the "Printers' Paper Mill," and is run exclusively on book and news print, of machine and super-calendered finish.

COTTON MILLS.

There are now in successful operation in the City of Lancaster five cotton mills, running 41,958 spindles; making tickings, fine brown cottons, jeans, genuine nankeens, 10-4 sheetings, 4-4 sheetings, drills, cotton flannels, &c., &c., employing about 1300 hands.

The goods from these mills are very popular and command rapid sale.

There is a mill on the Conestoga, in Lancaster township, called Rockland Factorynot included in the above, which employs about 75 hands, and runs 3000 spindles.

DIVISION VIII.

PHILANTHROPIC.

THE ORPHAN ASYLUM OF LANCASTER, an incorporated institution, for the reception of female orphans not less than four and not more than ten years of age, was founded in 1849, and owes its existence to the liberality of the late Mrs. Mary Smith, and to a grant of the Legislature. Its Trustees are the Rector, Wardens and Vestrymen of St. James's Church. It has accommodations for eighteen orphans. The asylum has been in successful operation from the day of its opening, and has now (1869) fourteen orphans, among them twelve soldiers' orphans.

THE BISHOP BOWMAN CHURCH HOME for the aged and infirm, was founded by Bishop Bowman; it is supported by voluntary contributions. An admirable institution designed to provide for Christian people a comfortable home in the evening of life. It has five or six inmates. The Rector of St. James's Church is ex officio its President. THE HOME FOR FRIENDLESS CHILDREN1 of Lancaster city and county, was established in the year 1859, by the efforts and contributions of Miss Mary Bowman, a small number of benevolent ladies and other citizens, who were impressed with the absolute necessity of rescuing from degradation and idleness, children who were left without a proper protector, and who were daily exposed to the most vicious associations.

The salutary effects of their first efforts were manifested upon the children who received the benefits of the Home and also in the obvious moral results to the community, in withdrawing from the streets those who were devoted to beggary and idleness, and without instruction as to their social, moral or religious duties.

In the history of this generous enterprise we have again an illustration of the excellence of that advice which bids us "despise not the day of small things." The small beginning was made with but few articles of furniture and but two dollars in the treasury; to-day it is a prominent public charity of which both city and county may well feel proud.

An act to incorporate the Home for Friendless Children was passed in the Legislature, March 29, 1860. In pursuance of the provisions of this act a Board of Managers, consisting of twenty-four ladies and sixteen gentlemen, were duly elected. Dr. J. L. Atlee, sr., was then elected President, and has retained his position until the present time. Miss Bowman retained her position as first Directress of the Board of Lady Managers until 1865, when she removed from the city, and her place was filled by the present first Directress, Mrs. S. M. Kramph.

Since the "Home" was incorporated, it has received from the State two appropriations of $2,500, part of which sums was expended in the purchase of the present Home building, in South Queen street. It has also received two bequests, one from Mr. W. Whiteside of $500; and one from Miss Hess, of the same amount; $5,000 (thousand) received from the County Commissioners, and $15,000, collected in the city and county, from individuals, have been appropriated to building a new "Home," the present one having been found inadequate to the comfort of the inmates. The new building, when finished, will be one of the most convenient in the State, and will accommodate, comforta

1 Contributed by Mrs. C. A. Ehler.

bly, one hundred and fifty children. It is being built by contract, at an expense of twenty-eight thousand dollars, ($28,000); the cost of the lot being $3,300.

The number of children regularly surrendered and committed to this institution, since its incorporation, is 333. Some of these little ones have been placed under the protecting shelter of the "Home" by widowed mothers who, from sickness or some other cause, have not been able to support their offspring; some have been abandoned by both parents, while in not a few cases the child has lost father, mother and home, and thus sadly orphaned, has been thrown upon the cold charity of the world; to such the "Home" has always been a refuge, and the Managers hope, that with their new building and the hearty co-operation of the friends of this institution, their opportunities for usefulness will be even greater in the future than they have been in the past.

FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS.

Lodge No. 43, held in the City of Lancaster, is the oldest Lodge in Lancaster county. and the eighth oldest Lodge in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for which a warrant, authorizing and empowering brother John Stephen Chambers, Worshipful Master, John Doyle, Senior Warden and Henry Huber, Junior Warden, of a new Lodge to be called No. 43, to be held in the Borough of Lancaster, in the State of Pennsylvania, or anywhere within five miles of the same, to Admit and Make Free Masons, according to the ancient custom of the Royal Craft, in all ages and nations throughout the known world, and not contrawise, &c., &c., was granted 21st day of April, A. D. 1785, and in the year of Free Masonry, 5785, at Philadelphia, by the Grand Lodge, for the Province of Pennsylvania, by virtue of a Provincial Grand Warrant, from Grand Lodge of London, Great Britain, whereof then the Right Worshipful and Right Honorable Thomas Erskine, Earl of Kelly, Viscount Fenton, Lord Barron, of Pitteen Ween, &c., in Great Britain, was Grand Master of Masons.

The Right Worshipful William Osborne, Deputy Grand Master; the Right Worshipful Mr. William Dickey, Senior Grand Warden; the Right Worshipful James Gibson. Esq., Junior Grand Warden, and the seal of the said Grand Lodge, bearing date June 20th, 1764, A. M., 5764.

The Revolution necessitated the subjoined change of authority:

By virtue of a Dispensation granted by the R. W., William Adcock, Esq., Grand Master of Masons for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the night of the 14th of September, A. D., 1785, A. L., 5785, at the house of Frederick Hubley, in Lancaster city, was Installed, Stephen Chambers, W. M.; John Doyle, S. W.; Henry Huber, J. W.; of Lodge No. 43 in the Borough of Lancaster, Pa.

A New Warrant was received August 8th, A. D. 1787, A. L., 5787, that was granted by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, dated July 14, A. D., 1787, A. L., 5787, (reciting the original Warrant of Lodge No. 43,) by which new Warrant all the rights and privi leges appertaining to Free Masonry, were confirmed unto John Doyle, Worshipful Master; Henry Huber, Senior Warden; Charles Smith, Junior Warden; and the Brethren of Lodge No. 43 and their successors forever.

Among the Past Masters of Lodge No. 43, are the following honored and distinguished citizens: Stephen Chambers, John Doyle, James Moore, Solomon Etting, Charles Smith. Matthew Barton, James Gamble, Wm. Kirkpatrick, Peter Getz, Jeremiah Mosher. Jacob Carpenter, John Morris, John Miller, Abraham Henry, Ben. West Henry, Robert McElwee, John Reynolds, George Whitecar, Geo. B. Porter, Thomas Jeffries, Henry Keffer, James Buchanan, Ebenezer Wright, Jasper Slaymaker, Matthew McKelly, John Mathiot, John Landis, Abner Thomas, Alexander Miller, Robert Moderwell. Elijah McLenegan, Jacob Albright, Emanuel Schaeffer, J. Henry Brown, &c. Washington Lodge, No. 156, held at Drumore Center. Warrant dated February 2d, A. L., 5818, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

1 Contributed by Major C. M. Howell.

Columbia Lodge, No. 286, held at Columbia. Warrant dated January 13th, A. L., 5854, by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

Ashara Lodge, No. 398, held at Marietta. Warrant dated November, A. L., 5867, by Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

Colerain Lodge, No. 417, held at Kirkwood, Colerain township. Warrant dated June, A. L., 5868.

Chapter 43, A. Y. M., held at Lancaster City. Original Dispensation granted March 2, A. L., 5809.

Columbia Commandery, No. 13, of Knights Templar, held in Lancaster City. Dispensation granted June 11, A. L. 5856.

Goodwin Council, No. 19, of Royal Super Excellent and Select Masters, held in Lancaster City. Dispensation granted February 26th, A. L., 5864.

The counties of Lancaster and York constitute the Masonic District, No. 1., with Charles M. Howell, R. W. District Deputy Grand Master.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.1

Odd Fellowship was introduced into Lancaster county on the 29th of May, 1841, by the institution of Lancaster Lodge, No. 67. The meetings of the lodge were for some time held in a room on the southwest corner of North Queen and Walnut streets, when rooms in the building on the southwest corner of North Queen and Chesnut were leased for the purpose. In 1845 the lodge purchased and remodeled the building known as the Quaker Meeting House, in South Queen street, and in 1846 moved into it, where it has remained to this time. Owing to the strong prejudice which prevailed among a great portion of the citizens of this county against secret societies, the building was not formally dedicated until 1852, when a grand demonstration of the Order took place in Lancaster. Lancaster Lodge at present numbers over four hundred members in good standing, and possesses property valued at $15,000. This lodge has, since its organization, paid out for benefits to sick and disabled members, and for the relief of widows and orphans, $23,118.16. Monterey Lodge, also of Lancaster city, though established some years later than Lancaster Lodge, has nearly four hundred contributing brothers, and over $8,000 invested. The annual report ending May, 1868, showed a membership of 1,674, and that the receipts for that lodge year were $12,347, and the amount paid out during the same period for relief, $7,173, in Lancaster county. Besides the subordinate lodges, there are three Encampments of the patriarchal or higher degrees of the Order-one in Lancaster city, another at Columbia, and a third at Marietta.

The following is a list of the lodges and encampments of Odd Fellows, in Lancaster city and county, with their locations: