XLIV. Eiui, Sum.

Indicative Mood, Present Tense (Eton Grammar).

Derivatives

The First Person of Verbs in μ, and of the Dual and Plural by rejecting o. The Greek follows the analogy of the Sanskrit very close. In the latter language the Verb Astun, to be, forms in the Present Tense, Singular Number, Asmi-Asi-Asti; but when employed as an Auxiliary, and united with a Verbal Root, we have Jiv-ami, I live-Jiv-asi, thou livest―Jiv-ati, he lives― Jiv-amah, we live. But the real model of Verbs in μ is Inu, to send; many of the Tenses of which may be regarded as dialectical varieties of Equ, to be.

Derivatives - The two Aorists of Verbs in w, in the Indicative Mood, Passive Voice, and with some modifications the Imperfect and 2nd Aorist of Verbs in ; but the oldest form was probably Eŋv.

If we resolve Eta into its two component Epsilons, we shall have both the augment and termination of the Imperfect Tense, Indicative Mood, Passive Voice, of Verbs in μ, as e-tib-ɛμnv.

Optative Mood, Present Tense (Eton Grammar).

Derivatives

Ειημεν

- The Perfect, Pluperfect, and two Aorists of the Optative Mood, Passive Voice, of Verbs in w. Also of the Present and 2nd Aorist of the Optative of Verbs in μ.

2nd Aorist (of Inu, to send, Valpy, p. 93).

Derivatives-The Present Tense, Optative Mood, Passive Voice,

of Verbs in μi, as Tid-eyin. Also of 2nd Aorist, Optative Middle, as θείμην.

Middle Voice, Indicative Mood, Present Tense (Port Royal, p. 222.).

Derivatives - The Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Passive Voice, of Verbs in μ, and the Perfect, Passive Voice, of Verbs in w, in the Singular Number, 1st Dual, and 1st Plural.

2nd Aorist (of Inu, to send, Port Royal, p. 230.).

Derivatives - The Imperfect Tense, Indicative Mood, Passive Voice, of Verbs in μ, and the Pluperfect, Passive Voice, of Verbs in w, by prefixing the ε, as an augment, and adding the μŋy to the root as a termination, as ε-τετυπ-μην, and substituting μ for π, εκτετυμ-μην, εκτετυπ-σο,

E-TETUT-TO.

XLV. Such appear to me to be the obsolete tenses of the Auxiliary Verb, To be, which, joined to an unvarying root, form the tenses of all the regular verbs in the Greek language. The Imperative, like the other moods, clearly derives its terminations from the tenses of the Substantive Verb. These terminations are but two in the Active Voice, ov and aтw for the First Aorist, and ɛ and Tw for all the other tenses. We find el, by Crasis as the Imperative of siμì, Sum, and ŋтw, as a Doric form of the third person singular; but the model in composition appears to be si, iTw, the Present of the Imperative of elu, to go, by changing I into E, many of the tenses of the verbs which so closely resemble those of ɛiui, to be, having been confounded with them, as I have already had occasion to remark; & and ɛTw however, the terminations of the Imperative in the Active Voice, really appear to be derived directly from the obsolete εw, to be, and the tenses of the Present and Imperfect of the Passive Voice to be derived from the Imperative of siμì almost unchanged. The terminations of the Active Participle TUTT-WV, TUTTT-Ovσα, TUπT-Oν, are obviously the Participle of the Auxiliary Verb wv, ovσa, ov, &c. joined to the unchanging root; so that, beginning with ew, the formative of the Present tense TUTт- by contraction, we have now carried the

Auxiliary Verb, To be, through all the moods and tenses which are formed by its instrumentality.

XLVI. Of the Obsolete Verb εσкw, Sum.

Thiersch says, "after the reduplication and the augment which proceeded from it, we have to consider another kind of increase, at the conclusion of the root, by means of the letters OK, the signification of which, originally one of repetition, strength, duration, is still visible in many instances, though in many it is lost." (p. 432.) The root of the verb in this sense appears to be the Greek word is, robur, vis, with xw, contracted from syw, and substituting x for y, a letter of the same organ in the first instance, and in composition ; thus, ισκω : from ισκω οι ισχω, the Verbal Substantive ισχυς, robur, and from the latter oxvw, possum. But this is only one of the meanings of the verb toxw or toxw, and in another it appears to be clearly an obsolete form of the Verb Substantive, To be. In Sanskrit, the Dhato or verbal root of the verb, To be (in the Infinitive mood Astun, and in the first Person of the Present Tense Asmi, the prototype of the Greek siui) is As; to which, if we add xw, contracted from ɛyw, we shall have aoxo, and by changing a into ɛ, and the χ into κ, εσκω οι ισκω, which forms the termination of such verbs as γηρασκω, senesco, αρ-εσκω, placeo, ευρισκω, invenio, yw-wσkw, cognosco. Or we may deduce ɛσкш, sum, from εσkov, eram, a poetical Imperfect of sipì, which is given in the Eton Grammar among the dialects of ŋv, by simply changing ov into w; and it appears to have had a First Aorist, or Perfect, or both, soka, whence the formative of the First Aorist, soa, by dropping Kappa, and of the Perfect, Eκa, by dropping Sigma. Both noa and nka are said to be the First Aorist of inu, mitto, and nxa also its Perfect; but one of the forms of the Verb Substantive certainly possessed such a tense at a remote period, which contracted to ka was the formative of the Perfect. If we take the verb aivew, laudo, we have in the Present Tense av-ew, in the Future αιν-εσω and αιν-ησω, and in the Perfect ην-εκα; and as the terminations of the two first tenses are clearly borrowed

ησα

from the Auxiliary Verb, To be; analogy is in favour of the latter being so also. Again, if we take the verb opovéw, intelligo, sapio, there can be little doubt that the root is the Noun Substantive pηv, mens, sapientia; and we have in the Present Tense opov-ew, in the Future pov-εow, and in the Perfect Te-pov-nka, a circumstance which leaves no doubt in my mind that the Perfect, like the Present, the Imperfect, and the Future, was formed by the instrumentality of the Auxiliary Verb, To be.

XLVII. Jones, in his Latin Grammar, gives the following list of verbs in sco, which he very properly calls Inceptive Verbs, as, though etymologically they do not differ from the corresponding verbs terminating in eo, both being compounded from an unvarying root, and the Present Tense of two different obsolete forms of the Auxiliary Verb, To be, both in Greek and Latin Eo and Esco, many of those with the latter termination differ from the former, by signifying emphatically the beginning of action.

If we refer to the verb Senesco, in the admirable Dictionary of Facciolati, we find it explained, to grow, become aged, ynpaσ-κw, senex fio; whence it is obvious that the Greek and Latin words are formed in the same way, the former from ynpas, old age, and the Auxiliary Verb εσ, I am, and the latter from Senex, an old man, and Esco, I am. Again, one of the verbs in the preceding list is unquestionably derived from an Indian source.. In Sanskrit we find the

Dhato, Pa, with the general signification of cherish, nourish, which, compounded with different forms of the Auxiliary verb, Το be, becomes in Greek πα-εω, παω ; πα-εομαι, παομαι, and in Latin, pa-esco, pasco.

XLVIII. Of the Obsolete Verb, avw, Sum.

We find in Sanskrit the Dhato, or verbal root An, or Ana, signifying in a general way, breathe, live, which, united in Greek to the obsolete ew, contracted to w, becomes avw, I am, having no existence as a distinct word, but forming the termination of many compound verbs, as Lamb-ano, capio. Both parts of this word may be said to be Sanskrit, as in that language we find the root lambhi. The Greek grammarians are obliged to derive many of the tenses of Xauμßavw from a supposed obsolete root Anßw; but here, also, the genuine root appears to be the Sanskrit Labh, which dropping the aspirate h, becomes in Greek λaß, with ew, contracted to w, Maßw, whence e-λaß-ov, called by Grammarians a Second Aorist, but which appears to me to be a regular Imperfect.

XLIX. "Aw, Spiro (Sum).

I am induced to notice this verb merely for the sake of remarking, that it is probably cognate with, and indeed a Doric form of the obsolete ew, Sum. We find it in Greek as the termination of many compound verbs.

L. List of Verbs of the same signification of two, three, four, and five terminations, all of which are different forms of the Auxiliary Verb, to be.