commonly written ruw, and now, which we sometimes find as the formative, appears to be the future of inu, mitto. Aivéw, laudo, forms both aiv-éow and aiv-now, in the future; Boáw, clamo, βοήσω. Ησομαι, the formative of both Futures in the Passive Voice, is clearly σoua, the Future of the obsolete opal, with the change of only its initial letter, and that change took place because low, the regular formative of the Future, in the active voice is sometimes written now. Ev, the termination of the Pluperfect in the Active Voice, is doubtless a tense of the verb To be, and accordingly we find it arranged in the Eton Grammar among the dialects of v, eram ; but as it is circumflexed its uncontracted form probably was eev, and the Pluperfect ἐ-τετύφειν was formed from the Perfect τέτυφα by prefixing the e of ev as an augment, and substituting ev for the final a. In the instance of Tu-sia, the Aoristus Æolicus of the Optative Mood, Active Voice, the formative certainly appears to have been sia, the Perfect Middle Voice of sip, to go, as the tenses agree almost letter for letter, and if this be admitted, though ela is now arranged under eiu, to go, it must as certainly have been a tense of the Auxiliary Verb siμì to be, at a remote period. The formative of the Pluperfect Passive Voice έτετύμμην (ἐ-τετύπ-μην) appears to have been ἤμην the Pluperfect of εἰμί ; but as we find ἕμην, second Aorist, middle voice, of inu, mitto, it is highly probable that that tense, in the infancy of the Greek language, formed part of the Auxiliary Verb To be, and that its & was prefixed as an augment while its un formed the affix or termination, agreeably to what appears to have been the general, not to say invariable rule The First Aorist is said to be formed from the first Future, by prefixing the augment, and changing its final @ into a, as from τύπ-σω, oι τύψω, ἔ-τυπ-σα οι ἔτυψα; but if my view of the subject is at all founded on fact, one tense was never formed from another, which is merely contrivance of grammarians, but all the tenses were formed from the simple root, which we rarely find in Greek at all, and they were all formed in precisely the same way, namely, by the addition of the various tenses of the Auxiliary Verb To be, to that root. In the instance of TÚπTW, it is agreed

a

εσα;

on all hands that the genuine root is TUT, and that the 7 is redundant. This is admitted in Damm's Lexicon and Thiersch's Grammar, and we find the root TUTT in Sanskrit, to put the matter beyond all dispute. The first Aorist of TÚTTW, or rather Túπw, is -TUπ-σa, the addition to the root being ɛoa; and as we find ɛioa as the First Aorist of siμ, to go, and noa as the First Aorist of inu, to send, it seems extremely probable to me that one of these tenses formerly stood under the Auxiliary Verb To be, under the slightly altered form of soa; and that the Aorist, like the Imperfect and Pluperfect, was formed from the simple root TUπ, by prefixing the ɛ as an augment, and adding the oa as a termination. With respect to the Perfect Tense, which, in the Eton Grammar, is said to be formed from the First Future by changing its final yw into pa, and the reduplication of the first consonant of the root or theme with ɛ, we find the prototype of the Greek té-tupa in the Sanskrit tuph, the aspirated form of tup, with precisely the same signification; so that there appears to be an affix to the root, as well as a prefix, or reduplication; and I believe the final a in TέTupa to be a contraction of ea, which we find in the Eton Grammar among the dialects of , eram ; but as that makes ta, ens, env, the model of the terminations of the Perfect Tense appears to be ela, Attic ya, the Perfect Tense, Middle Voice, of siu, vado, which makes a, -as, -e. This is the Perfect of the first conjugation only of verbs in w, and the xa, or κa, of the Perfect of the other five conjugations appears to be a contraction of Яka, the First Aorist of inui, mitto; and as that Aorist, according to the Port Royal, was also hoa, we have in the same tense the common terminations of the First Aorist and Perfect; and in an early stage of the Greek language these two tenses are said to have been identical, and must have assimilated the Greek verb with the Latin, which is precisely what might have been expected; for as the latter language is supposed to have been derived chiefly from Æolic Greek, the farther back we carry the Greek, the more closely it will be found to approximate to the Latin, in having only five tenses and no Dual number. It now only remains to exhibit the obsolete tenses of the Auxiliary verb To be, which will be found

to account for the different formations of almost every verb in the Greek language.

XLII. The obsolete "Ew, Sum (Dammii Lexicon).

Derivatives-The Present Tense of all verbs in the Indicative Mood of the Active Voice terminating in w, as τυπτ-εω, τυπτω, and of the Second Future.

Imperfect Tense (Eton Grammar, Dialects of ñv).

Derivatives - All the Imperfects of verbs in the Active Voice which form their Present in w, by prefixing the to the root as an augment, and adding the ov as a termination, as ε-τυπτον.

Derivatives-All the Futures of verbs in the Active Voice which form their Present in w, except liquids of the Fifth Conjugation, as TUTεσώ, τυπώσω, τύψω, 9μεσω and 9-ησω.

Derivatives-The Aorists of verbs which form their Present in w, by prefixing the to the root as an augment, and adding the oa as a termination, as ε-τυπώσα, έτυψα.

Derivatives-The Perfect of verbs of the First Conjugation which form their present in w, by prefixing the reduplication to the aspirated

N

form of the root (Tup, Tuph, Sanskrit), and adding the sa, contracted to a, as a termination, as re-rup-a. As a model see sia, the Perfect Middle of sim, to go (Valpy, p. 88.).

Pluperfect Tense (Eton Grammar, Dialects of ).

Derivatives - The Pluperfect of verbs in w, by prefixing thee to the Perfect as an augment, and substituting av for its final a, as a termination, as E-TE-TVO-EIV. These two tenses of ew, also account for the Perfect and Pluperfect of the Middle Voice, τετυπα and ετετύπειν.

Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense (Eton Grammar).

Derivatives-The terminations of all the Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood, Active Voice, of verbs which form their Present in w. Also of all the Tenses of the Passive, except the Present and the Imperfect, and of the Perfect and Pluperfect, Middle Voice. It also, with some modifications, forms the Subjunctives of verbs in μ.

Derivatives-The termination of the Present, Imperfect, 2. Aorist, Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses in the Active, and of the Perfect and Pluperfect in the Middle Voice.

XLIII. The obsolete "Eouai, Sum (Eton Grammar, p. 67.).

Derivatives-The Present of the Passive and Middle Voices of verbs in w, and of the 2d Future Middle, by changing o into ov, and & into e, as τυπτομαι, τυπ-οῦμαι,

ε

Derivatives-The Imperfect of the Passive and Middle Voices of verbs in w, by prefixing the ɛ to the root as an augment, and adding the όμην as a termination, as ε-τυπτόμην.

Derivatives-The 1st and 2d Futures of the Passive, and 1st Future of the Middle Voice of verbs in w. The long vowel in ησομαι appears to have arisen out of ησω, in some verbs the formative of the Active Future. 1st Future, root τυπτ, and by changing the single letters for the aspirate, τυφθησομαι. 2d Future, root τυπησομαι. Paulo-post-Futurum, root τυπ, with the reduplication, and εσομαι contracted to σομαι, τε τυπώσομαι, τέτ τύψομαι.

Also of

Derivatives-All the Tenses of the Optative Mood, Active Voice, with the exception of the 1st Aorist, which makes αιμι, αις, αι. the Perfect and Pluperfect, Middle Voice.

Derivatives - The Present and Imperfect Tenses of the Passive and Middle Voices, and the 2nd Future and 2nd Aorist Middle.

Derivatives - The 1st and 2nd Futures of the Optative Mood, Passive Voice, but apparently formed from an Active Future in now rather than εσω, and from ησω, ησοιμην. Also the Paulo-post-Futurum in the same Mood, and the 1st Future and 1st Aorist Middle Voice, except that the latter makes σαιμην instead of σοιμην, following the analogy of the 1st Aorist Optative, Active Voice.

Derivatives- The Present and Imperfect Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood, Passive and Middle Voices, and of the 1st and 2nd Aorist Middle.