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The conditions of this treaty were much more favorable than the pope deserved, or had any reason to expect. He was required to renounce his alliance with the coalition, &c. and to cede to the republic the country of Avignon, and every place in France formerly subject to the see of Rome. In like manner, the pope agreed to cede the cities and territories of Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna; to pay the sum of thirty millions of French livres, and to deliver the pictures, statues, and manuscripts stipulated in the treaty of armistice, of which he agreed to fulfil all the other conditions. The Batavian republic was included in this treaty, and the French were to keep possession of Ancona till a general peace.

As the republicans had found many friends in Germany and the Low Countries, so at various places in Italy they were hailed as deliverers. Their conduct was strongly marked by forbearance, as far as related to the lower orders; though Bonaparte might justly be said to have cloathed and fed his army at the expence of the Italian states which he entered, yet the means necessary for this purpose were drawn chiefly from the treasures devoted by superstition, and riches wrung by the petty despots form the hard-earnings of miserable indigence. Italy, in fact, was for the most part in a state of abject slavery and wretchedness degrading to human nature; and even at the very moment the republicans were annihilating the power of princes, whose political existence was a stigma on the human under

standing, the condition of the lower orders could not be rendered more miserable though surrounded by the horrors necessarily attending a seat of war.

In the city of Rome the greater part of the inhabitants beheld with delight the success and progress of the French, nor could all the exertions of the papal government prevent the city from being filled with pasquinades and satires on the conduct of administration, which they represented as contrary to the true interests of the Roman see, and tending to its inevitable ruin. The present pope being the sixth of the name of Pius, they applied to him what had formerly been said of Alexander the sixth, which was, that every sovereign of Rome who had borne the name of Sextus, had occasioned its ruin.

The conduct of the pope was what might reasonably be expected from a besotted, rotten government, which contained the seeds of its own dissolution, and which now exhibited strong symptoms that its fall could not be long protracted. The pope applied in his distress for the interference of the court of Spain, and was answered by the prince of peace, (the Spanish minister) in the following just and forcible manner-" that the conduct of the court of Rome, in respect to the French, was temporising and insincere, and that those who were entrusted with the administration of its political concerns, had, by their imprudence and erroneous management, brought it into so critical a situation, that it seemed adviseable, for the preservation of the personal safety of the

pope, that he should resign his temporal possessions, in order to secure the rights of the church, and to prove his disinterestedness, and the fervor of his piety, by an example that would prove so edifying to all the Christian world."

Though the Roman pontiff must have felt the correctness of these remarks, it was not very likely (at least if we judge by comparison) that he would adopt the advice. The popes have always been far more solicitous respecting their temporal power and possessions as sovereigns, than their spiritual teaching and example as heads of the church; yet nothing is more evident than that their tenacious adherence to princely power exhibits the very reverse of those precepts inculcated by the Divine Redeemer, as well as of his disciple St. Peter, whose successors they affect to consider themselves. The lives of many of the popes were characterised by the most scandalous debaucheries, and may be said to have been a compound of licentiousness and depravity-disgraceful to them as men, in striking and even hideous contradiction to the mildness and purity of the Christian religion, and calculated to bring into contempt that very system from which they derived their influence, and which enabled them to dazzle the vulgar with a pomp and splendor, which in the eye of reason forms a meretricious contrast to the simplicity of him whom they represent as the first bishop of Rome. That some of the popes exhibited a very different character must certainly be allowed; but while catholics themselves

can thus reflect and reason on the conduct of their spiritual head, well may others exclaim-May the triple crown never more be revived, or kings become stirrup holders to the pope !-Religion in Italy was converted into a glittering engine of oppression, and eventually assisted Bonaparte to conquer the country-Let us guard against a similar error here, and hope to behold the dignitaries of the protestant church pay more attention to the spiritual welfare of their dioceses, than to the increase of the enormous emolument attached to them; while the overgrown rectors appear more anxious to edify their flocks, and thus put a stop to the ignorant rant of enthusiasm, than to arbitrary extortion under the name of tithes.

CHAP.IX.

Opening of the Campaign on the Side of Germany. ---Moreau crosses the Rhine, and captures the strong Fortress of Khel.---Battles of Renchen, Rastadt, and Ettingen.---Jourdan advances to Frankfort.---Uncommon Success of the Republicans.---Rapacity and treacherous Conduct of the King of Prussia.---Retreat of General Jourdan. ---Dangerous Situation of Moreau.--- His extraordinary Retreat through the Black Forest.--Siege and Surrender of Khel, &c.---Death of the Empress of Russia.

ON the side of Germany the campaign of 1796 did not open till late in the spring. The emperor had indicated a pacific disposition, whether sincerely or with a view to gain time is uncertain; though there is much reason to believe that Francis was tired of a war which had cost him perhaps the brightest jewels in his diadem: true policy would have inclined him to peace; but Mr. Pitt possessed great influence at the court of Vienna; and English guineas gave wonderful effect to the reasonings of the Austrian cabinet.

The imperial troops were in possession of the larger portion of the Palatinate, from Landau to Bingen. The army of the Rhine and Moselle, and

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