BOOK III. "For English Law, see Steph. ii. 316-7. quirat, dominium autem apud eum remaneat, ne quod ei suis laboribus vel prospera fortuna accessit, hoc in alium perveniens luctuosum ei procedat.' INFLUENCE OF GUARDIANSHIP UPON PROPERTY. § 151. THE DISCHARGE OF GUARDIANSHIP." Upon the guardian devolves the administration of the property of the ward, representation of him, and In respect of concurrence in his legal transactions. tutela mulierum, sce Ulp. xi. 25, 27. As regards the administration of the property (administratio, gestio) and the whole representation, by Private Law, of pupils, the tutor (1) in the older Law assumes an entirely unfettered position: he can alienate property of the pupil, has to conclude legal transactions, and to conduct law-suits, but his administration must be to the advantage of the ward under his protection, and he must in general guard his interest in all particulars, and in this is responsible for culpa in concreto.e Paul. Tutor qui tutelam gerit, quantum ad providentiam pupillarem, domini loco haberi debet.-1. 27, D. h. t. (de adm. tut. 26, 7). Id. Tutor ad utilitatem pupilli et novare et rem in iudicium deducere potest: donationes autem ab eo factae pupillo non nocent.-1. 22 eod.3 For we have ordained that whatever devolves upon him by virtue of his father's property shall, according to the ancient practice, be wholly acquired by him for the father; . . . but whatever the fil. fam. has gained for himself upon another title, of this the father shall in fact have the usufruct, whilst the ownership shall remain with him, that what has come into his possession through his own effort or success may not pass into another's hands and cause him trouble. 2 A guardian that conducts the guardianship must be regarded as owner in so far as concerns solicitude for the ward. 3 A guardian can for the benefit of the ward undertake nova Marc. Tutoris praecipuum est officium, ne indefensum pupillum relinquat.-1. 30 eod.' Ulp. Generaliter quotienscumque non fit nomine pupilli quod quivis paterfamilias idoneus facit, non videtur defendi: sive igitur solutionem sive iudicium sive stipulationem detrectat, defendi non videtur.-1. 10 eod.2 Callistr. A tutoribus et curatoribus pupillorum eadem diligentia exigenda est circa administrationem rerum pupillarium, quam paterfamilias rebus suis ex bona fide praebere debet.-1. 33 pr. eod.3 The administrative authority of the guardian was first limited by the Oratio D. Severi (195 A.D.), which rendered necessary the issue of a magisterial decree, after preliminary causae cognitio, for alienations of praedia rustica and suburbana. In the succeeding period this prohibition of alienation was transferred also to other property in wardship, to the widest extent, and the independent administration of guardians was thereby circumscribed within very narrow limits. Ulp.: Imperatoris Severi oratione prohibiti sunt tutores et curatores praedia rustica vel suburbana distrahere. § Quae oratio in senatu recitata est Tertullo et Clemente consulibus Idibus Iuniis, et sunt verba eius huiusmodi : § Praeterea, patres conscripti, interdicam tu tion and carry a cause before the iudex; but donations made by him do not prejudice the ward. 1 The main duty of the guardian is, not to leave the ward unprotected. 2A ward seems in general to be without a protector whenever that is not done in the name of the ward which is done by every capable head of a household; and whether it is the guardian refuses to make a payment, or to institute proceedings, or to give a stipulative undertaking, the ward appears to be without protection. 3 From tutors and curators of wards the same carefulness is required in respect of the management of the ward's affairs as the head of a household ought in good faith to exhibit in his own affairs. BOOK III. Part II. BOOK III. tural.' Or horticultural.' toribus et curatoribus, ne praedia rustica vel suburbana distrahant, nisi ut id fieret, parentes testamento vel codicillis caverint: quodsi forte aes alienum tantum erit, ut ex rebus ceteris non possit exsolvi, tunc praetor urbanus vir clarissimus adeatur, qui pro sua religione aestimet, quae possint alienari obligarive debeant, manente pupillo actione, si postea potuerit probari obreptum esse praetori; si communis res erit et socius ad divisionem provocet, aut si creditor, qui pignori agrum a parente pupilli acceperit, ius exsequetur, nihil novandum censeo.'-D. 27, 9, 1. I pr., §§ 1, 2.1 Imp. Constant. Iam venditio tutoris nulla sit sine interpositione decreti, exceptis his dumtaxat vestibus, quae detritae usu aut corruptae servando servari non potuerint. Animalia quoque supervacua minorum quin veneant, non vetamus. —C. 5, 37, 22, 6.2 a 1 By a speech of the Emp. Severus, tutors and curators were Or agricul- forbidden to dispose of rural or suburban estates. § And this speech was read in the senate under the consuls Tertullus and Clemens on the 13th June, and the wording of it is as follows: 'Moreover, conscript fathers, I shall prohibit tutors and curators from disposing of rural or suburban estates, unless the parents should have provided for that being done in the testament or in codicils. But if the debts shall chance to be so great that they cannot be paid out of the rest of the property, then resort shall be had to the Urban Praetor, a most honourable personage, that he may conscientiously determine what lands can be sold or should be mortgaged, so that an action remain for the ward, should he afterwards be able to prove that the Praetor's decree has been obtained covertly. If the thing shall be owned in common, and the joint-owner shall press for partition, or if a creditor who shall have received land in pledge from the ward's father shall enforce his right, I am of opinion that no change should be made (in the pre-existing right).' 2 There shall now be no sale on the part of a tutor without the issue of a decree, with the exception alone of such garments as, worn out or spoilt by use, cannot be preserved by keeping. And we do not forbid the sale of superfluous cattle belonging to minors. a b a BOOK III. and 9. The pupillus infantia maior' can himself undertake legal transactions, and even judicial acts, wherever possible, but the auctoritatis interpositio,' that is, the D. 46, 6, 6, personal co-operation of the tutor which supplements the defective legal capacity of the pupil, is necessary for their operation, if the property of the pupil be directly or indirectly diminished by such transaction. cr. § 60; D. Ulp. Licentia (tutoribus) erit, utrum malint ipsi suscipere iudicium, an pupillum exhibere, ut ipsis auctoribus iudicium suscipiatur, ita tamen ut pro his, qui fari non possunt vel absint, ipsi tutores iudicium suscipiant: pro his autem, qui supra septimum annum aetatis sunt et praesto fuerint, auctoritatem praestent.-l. 1, § 2, D. h. t.' Gai. Obligari ex omni contractu sine tutoris auctoritate non potest: adquirere autem sibi stipulando et per traditionem accipiendo etiam sine tutoris auctoritate potest; sed credendo sibi obligare non potest, quia sine tutoris auctoritate nihil alienare potest.-1. 9 pr., D. de auct. tut. 26, 8.2 Paul. Furiosus et pupillus, ubi ex re actio venit, obligantur etiam sine curatore vel tutoris auctoritate, veluti si communem fundum habeo cum his et aliquid in eum impendero vel damnum in eo pupillus dederit: nam iudicio communi dividundo obligabuntur.-D. 44, 7, 46.' It is left to the discretion of the guardians, whether they will themselves rather undertake an action or produce the ward, that he may with their authorisation undertake the action, but so that for those who cannot yet speak, or are absent, the guardians themselves undertake the action; they can extend their sanction, however, on behalf of those who have passed their seventh year of age, and are present. 2 A ward cannot be made liable upon any contract without the sanction of the guardian; but he can acquire for himself by stipulation and acceptance through delivery even without the tutor's sanction; but he can contract no obligation for himself by loan, because he can dispose of nothing without the tutor's sanction. 3 Where an action arises from the thing, a madman and 9, 1, 13, 29;; §114. Gai, ii 82; D. 12, 1, 19, 1; § 139. BOOK III. a Gai. i. 184. Ulp. Si tutor mutuam pecuniam pupillo dederit,... naturaliter obligabitur in quantum locupletior factus est: nam in pupillum cuivis actionem in quantum locupletior factus est dandam D. Pius rescripsit.—1. 5 pr., D. de auct. tut.' The tutoris auctoritas must follow the conclusion of the legal transaction itself, and unconditionally. Gai. Tutor statim in ipso negotio praesens debet auctor fieri, post tempus vero aut per epistulam interposita eius auctoritas nihil agit.1. 9, § 5 eod. Ulp.: Etsi condicionalis contractus cum pupillo fiat, tutor debet pure auctor fieri.—1. 8 eod.3 In an affair of his own (in rem suam) the tutor can never give his auctoritas." Id. Pupillus obligari tutori eo auctore non potest.-1. 5 pr. eod.* Id. Quamquam regula sit iuris civilis in rem suam auctorem tutorem fieri non posse, tamen potest tutor proprii sui debitoris hereditatem adeunti pupillo auctoritatem accommodare, quamvis per hoc debitor eius efficiatur: prima enim ratio auctoritatis ea est, ut heres fiat, per ward become liable even without the curator or sanction of the tutor; for example, if I possess land in common with them, and shall have spent something upon it, or the ward has caused some damage on it; for they will be liable by the action for the partition of joint property. If a guardian shall have made an advance to a ward. . . he will incur a natural obligation for so much as he has been enriched; for the late Emp. Pius by rescript stated that an action must be given to any one soever against a pupil for so much as he has been enriched. 2 * The guardian must at once give his authorisation at the moment of the transaction itself, whilst this authorisation interposed after the time or by letter is of no effect. 3 Although a conditional contract be made with a pupil, the guardian must give his authorisation unconditionally. A ward cannot become liable to a guardian by his authorisation. |