Pomp. Iure naturae aequum est, neminem cum alterius detrimento et iniuria fieri locupletiorem.-D. 50, 17, 206.' He that in the mistaken acceptance of a legal liability renders a performance not even naturally due" has the a§ 114 'condictio indebiti' against the receiver, for restitution See Bell, of the thing received. Gai. iii. § 91: Is quoque qui non debitum accepit ab eo, qui per errorem solvit, re obligatur: nam proinde ei condici potest 'SI PARET EVM DARE OPORTERE,' ac si mutuum accepisset. . . . Sed haec species non videtur ex contractu consistere, quia is, qui solvendi animo dat, magis distrahere vult negotium quam contrahere.' Paul. Indebitum est non tantum, quod omnino non debetur, sed et quod alii debetur si alii solvatur, aut si id quod alius debebat, alius quasi ipse debeat solvat.-D. 12, 6, 65, 9.3 Pomp.: -si heredem se creditori hereditario solverit, . falso existimans neque verus heres liberatus et is quod dedit repetere poterit. Paul. Cuius per errorem dati repetitio est, According to the Law of Nature, it is fair that no one become richer with loss to another, and by wrong. ' He also who receives what is not due to him from one paying in mistake is bound by the thing. For he can be sued by the personal action: 'If it appear that he ought to give,' just as if he had received a loan. . . . But this sort of obligation does not appear to arise from contract, since he who gives with the thought of making payment, wishes rather to dissolve a contract than to enter into one. • Indebitum is not only what is altogether not owing, but also a debt to another if that other is paid, or if what one person owed is paid by another as if he himself were the debtor. if he, falsely supposing himself to be heir, shall pay a creditor of the inheritance, . . . the real heir is not discharged, and the former will be able to recover what he paid. In the case in which there would be recovery of a thing given in error a donation exists, if it has been given advisedly. S. VV. BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. II. a § 126. Imp. Diocl. Ea, quae per infitiationem in lite crescunt, ab ignorante etiam indebita soluta repeti non posse certissimi iuris est.-C. 4, 5, 4.' The performance which is rendered in expectation of a counter-performance" or other causa futura' (ie., in the supposition of a future circumstance that forms the legal ground of performance), if this do not come about, can be recalled by the condictio ob causam D. 12, 6, 52, datorum s. causa data non secuta.' b supra. Paul. Ob rem honestam datum ita repeti potest, si res propter quam datum est, secuta non est.-D. 12, 5, 1, 1.a Quod ob rem datur, ex bono et aequo habet repetitionem, veluti si tibi dem, ut aliquid facias, nec feceris.-1. 65, cit. § 4.3 Iul. Fundus dotis nomine traditus, si nuptiae insecutae non fuerint, condictione repeti potest. -D. 12, 4, 7, 1. Ulp. Sed etsi ob causam promisit, causa tamen secuta non est, dicendum est condictionem locum habere.-D. 12, 7, 1, 1.3 Imp. Alex. Si quasi accepturi mutuam pecuniam adversario cavistis, quae numerata non est, per condictionem obligationem repetere tis.-C. 4, 30, 7. potes That sums which accumulate in a suit through disclaimer, and though not owing, have been paid out of ignorance, cannot be recovered, is incontestable law. 2 That which was given in consideration of an honourable thing can be recovered, provided the thing on account of which it was given has not followed. 3 That which was given because of a thing admits of recovery by virtue of what is right and fair, as, if I make a conveyance to you in consideration of a performance by you, and you shall be in default. 'An estate delivered by way of dowry can be recovered by a personal action, if the marriage shall not have followed. But although he made the promise because of a consideration, but the consideration has not followed, we must say that a personal action obtains. "If you as about to receive a loan have given security to your If the legal ground (legal purpose) of the performance is for the receiver (and indeed for him alone) an immoral one, the 'condictio ob turpem causam' obtains. Quodsi turpis causa accipientis fuerit, etiamsi res secuta sit, repeti potest.-Ut puta dedi tibi, ne sacrilegium facias, ne furtum, ne hominem occidas. Item si tibi dedero, ut rem mihi reddas depositam apud te,-si tibi dedero, ne mihi iniuriam facias.-D. 12, 5, 1, 2 (Paul.), 1. 2 pr., §§ 1, 2 (Ulp.).' Paul. Ubi autem et dantis et accipientis turpitudo versatur, non posse repeti dicimus, veluti si pecunia datur, ut male iudicetur.— 1. 3 eod. Pap. Dixi, cum ob turpem causam dantis et accipientis pecunia numeretur, cessare condictionem et in delicto pari potiorem esse possessorem.-D. 12, 7, 5 pr.3 3 § 136. OBLIGATIONES QUASI EX DELICTO." 'Obligationes quasi ex delicto' are such obligations directed to compensation for, or punishment of, injury, opponent, and the money has not been paid over, you can recall the obligation by a condictio. 1 But if the consideration on the part of the receiver shall be immoral, even if the thing has followed, it can be recalled. For example, I have made a grant to you, in consideration of your committing no sacrilege, no theft, killing no man. . . . The like if I have made a grant to you in consideration of your rendering to me a thing deposited with you,-if I shall make a grant to you in consideration of your doing me no injury. 2 But where infamous conduct occurs on the part of both giver and receiver, we maintain that there is no possible recovery; for example, if money is paid in consideration of a bad judgment being given. 3 I have said that since the money was paid because of a consideration disgraceful for both giver and receiver, the condictio falls through, and in an equal wrong the possessor is the more favoured. BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. 11. a See Ortolan, 'Instituts,' ii. PP. 449, sqq. Pt. 1. Ch. II. BOOK III. which arising out of disallowed, illegal acts or forbearance, do not fall under delicta proper." The most Cf. Inst. iv. important cases are the following. a a §§ 130-134. 9, I. Lit.' made a suit his own.' (1) The 'in factum actio' against the iudex qui litem suam fecerit, i.e., the judge that by remissness in performance of his duty, or by neglect, has prejudiced either party. Gai. Si iudex litem suam fecerit, non proprie ex maleficio obligatus videtur; sed quia neque ex contractu obligatus est et utique peccasse aliquid intelligitur, licet per imprudentiam, ideo videtur quasi ex maleficio teneri in factum actione, et in quantum de ea re aequum religioni iudicantis visum fuerit, poenam sustinebit.-D. 50, 13, 6.1 (2) The actio de effusis et deiectis against the occupier of the place from which something is thrown or poured out on a thoroughfare, in case this has caused damage. Item is, ex cuius coenaculo vel proprio ipsius vel conducto vel in quo gratis habitabat deiectum effusumve aliquid est, ita ut alicui noceretur, quasi ex maleficio obligatus intelligitur; ideo autem non proprie ex maleficio obligatus intelligitur, quia plerumque ob alterius culpam tenetur, aut servi aut liberi. . . . De eo vero, quod deiectum effusumve est, dupli quanti damnum datum sit, constituta est actio.-I. h. t. (de obl. q. qua. ex del. 4, 5).* 1 If a iudex has given a partial decision, he is not strictly to be regarded as liable upon a tort; but since he is not liable either by any contract, and yet is certainly regarded as having erred, although through inadvertence, he is therefore considered liable, upon the ground of a quasi delict, to an action on the case, and must bear such penalty as shall seem fair to the conscience of the person who adjudicates upon the case. 2 Likewise he from whose chamber (whether his own or hired, or one in which he was dwelling rent-free) anything has been thrown or poured out in such wise as to injure some per Ulp. Parvi autem interesse debet, utrum publicus locus sit, an vero privatus, dummodo per eum vulgo iter fiat.-1. 1, § 2, D. h. t. (de his qui eff. 9, 3).1 Sed cum homo liber periit, damni aestimatio non fit in duplum (quia in homine libero nulla corporis aestimatio fieri potest), sed quinquaginta aureorum condemnatio fit.-Ibid. § 5.* Gai. Cum liberi hominis corpus ex eo, quod deiectum effusumve quid erit, laesum fuerit, iudex computat mercedes medicis praestitas ceteraque impendia, quae in curatione facta sunt, praeterea operarum, quibus caruit aut cariturus est ob id, quod inutilis factus est.-1. 7 eod.3 Ulp. Haec actio, quae competit de effusis et deiectis, perpetua est et heredi competit, in heredem vero non datur. Quae autem de eo competit, quod liber periisse dicetur, intra annum dumtaxat competit, neque in heredem datur neque heredi: nam est poenalis et popularis ; dummodo sciamus ex pluribus desiderantibus hanc actionem ei potissimum dari debere, cuius son, is considered to be liable for a quasi delict; for he is not strictly considered liable for delict, because in general he is responsible for the fault of some one else, either slave or free. .. But in respect of that which has fallen or been poured out, an action has been provided for double the amount of the damage done. ... But it ought to matter little whether it is a public or private place, so long as there is a public thoroughfare over it. 2 But when a freeman has perished no estimate is made of damage for double the amount (because there can be no valuation of the body in respect of a freeman), but condemnation ensues for fifty aurei. When the body of a freeman shall be injured by anything thrown or poured out, the iudex estimates the doctors' fees that have been paid and other expenses which have been incurred in respect of the cure, and further, the work which such person has been or will be deprived of by reason of his having been incapacitated. |