deficiant vulgaria atque usitata actionum nomina, praescriptis verbis agendum est)—Iul. : in quam necesse est confugere, quotiens contractus existunt, quorum appellationes nullae iure civili proditae sunt-Ulp.: natura enim rerum conditum est, ut plura sint negotia, quam vocabula.-1. 1, § 1, 2, and 11. 2-4, D. h. t. (de praescr. verb. 19, 5.)1 Id. Actio de aestimato proponitur tollendae dubitationis gratia: fuit enim dubitatum, cum res aestimata vendenda datur, utrum ex vendito sit actio propter aestimationem, an ex locato, quasi rem vendendam locasse videor, an ex conducto, quasi operas conduxissem, an mandati. Melius itaque visum est hanc actionem proponi; quotiens enim de nomine contractus alicuius ambigeretur, conveniret tamen aliquam actionem dari, dandam aestimatoriam praescriptis verbis actionem: est enim negotium civile gestum et quidem bona fide. -D. 19, 3, I pr.2 1 Labeo writes that a civil action upon the case must be given to the owner of the merchandise against the captain of the ship, if there be uncertainty as to whether he chartered the ship or procured the conveyance of the merchandise. Likewise if a man make delivery of a thing to ascertain its value, there will be neither a deposit nor a loan, but if good (faith) have not been shown, a civil action is afforded on the case(for when the common and usual names of actions fail, proceedings must be taken by fixed words)-to which, therefore, recourse must be had whenever contracts exist for which the civil law has no designations; for it lies in the nature of things that there are more transactions than names. 2 The action upon a contractus aestimatorius is proposed to remove doubts; for it has been doubted, when a thing is appraised and given for sale, whether there is an action upon the purchase for the assessed price, or upon the letting of it, as if I am considered to have let out the sale of the thing, or upon the hire, as if I had hired the services, or upon the commission. It seemed better therefore that this action should be proposed, for whenever there should be doubt as to the designation of any contract, but the grant of an action should be appropriate, the actio aestimatoria should be given by fixed words: for there has been the performance of a civil transaction, and that in good faith. : Id. Si tibi rem vendendam certo pretio dedissem, ut quo pluris vendidisses tibi haberes, placet neque mandati neque pro socio esse actionem, BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. II. quia et mandata gratuita esse debent, et : Gai. Si tibi polienda sarciendave vestimenta dederim, si quidem gratis hane operam te suscipiente, mandati est obligatio: si vero mercede data aut constituta, locationis conductionisque negotium geritur: quodsi neque gratis hanc operam susceperis neque protinus aut data aut constituta sit merces, sed eo animo negotium gestum fuerit, ut postea tantum mercedis nomine daretur, quantum inter nos statutum sit, placet quasi de novo negotio in factum dandum esse iudicium i.e. praescriptis verbis.-1. 22, D. h. t.2 Ulp. Cum quid precario rogatum est, non solum interdicto uti possumus, sed etiam praescriptis verbis actione, quae ex bona fide oritur.— D. 43, 26, 2, 2.3 1 If I should have given you a thing for sale at a certain price, for you to retain to your use whatever more you should have sold it for, it is held that there is no action either of mandate or partnership, . . . because mandates must be gratuitous, and there seems to be no contract of partnership in respect of him who has not taken you as a partner in the sale, but has reserved for himself a certain price. 2 If I have given you clothes to clean or repair, and you undertake this service without remuneration, the obligation is one of mandate; but if remuneration has been given or arranged for, a transaction is entered into of letting and hiring. But if you have undertaken this business neither for remuneration, nor have at once given or arranged for remuneration, but the transaction has been entered into with the intention that afterwards so much should be given for remuneration as we should agree upon, it is held that an action must be given upon the case as for a new transaction, i.e., by fixed words. If anything has been asked for precario, we can avail ourselves not only of the interdict, but the action praescr. verbis, which arises in equity. BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. II. a § 135. The performance already rendered could, however, be recalled at discretion, until fulfilment by the other side of the contract, by means of condictio 'a; but upon indemnifying the receiver (prepared for performance) for loss sustained in consequence of the contract, and especially if by no fault of his the counter-performance had become impossible (ius poenitendi). : Id. Sed si tibi dedero (pecuniam), ut Stichum manumittas: si non facis, possum condicere, aut si me poeniteat, condicere possum.-D. 12, 4, 3, 2.1 Id. Si pecuniam ideo acceperis, ut Capuam eas, deinde parato tibi ad proficiscendum condicio temporis vel valetudinis impedimento fuerit, quominus proficiscereris, an condici possit videndum. Et cum per te non steterit, potest dici repetitionem cessare; sed cum liceat poenitere ei qui dedit, procul dubio repetetur id quod datum est, nisi forte tua intersit non accepisse te ob hanc causam pecuniam. Nam si ita res se habeat, . . . ut ita rem composueris, ut necesse habeas proficisci, vel sumptus, qui necessarii fuerunt ad profectionem, iam fecisti, ut manifestum sit te plus forte quam accepisti erogasse, condictio cessabit; sed si minus erogatum sit, condictio locum habebit, ita tamen, ut indemnitas tibi praestetur eius quod expendisti.-1. 5 pr. eod,2 1 But if I have given you (money) to enfranchise Stichus, and you fail to do it, or if I change my mind, I can bring a personal action. 2 If therefore you should have received money to go to Capua, but afterwards, when you were ready to make the journey, circumstances of time and health should have hindered your setting out, we must see whether (the money) can be recovered by a personal action. And as it has not been your fault, one may say that the recovery falls through; but since he who gave it is allowed to change his mind, it is beyond doubt that what was given can be recovered, unless perhaps it be to your advantage not to have received the money for this reason. For if the matter should stand so . . . that you have so arranged that you The innominate contracts are classified by the Romans according to categories. (1) do ut des. Paul. Et si quidem pecuniam dem, ut rem accipiam, emptio et venditio est: sin autem rem do ut rem accipiam, quia non placet permutationem rerum emptionem esse, dubium non est nasci civilem obligationem, in qua actione id veniet, non ut reddas quod acceperis, sed ut damneris mihi, quanti interest mea illud, de quo convenit, accipere; vel si meum recipere velim, repetatur quod datum est, quasi ob rem datum re non secuta.-1. 5, § 1, D. h. t.1 (2) do ut facias. 1 At cum do ut facias, si tale sit factum, quod locari solet, puta ut tabulam pingas, pecunia data locatio erit si rem do, non erit locatio, sed nascetur vel civilis actio in hoc quod mea interest, vel ad repetendum condictio: quodsi tale est factum, quod locari non possit, puta ut servum manumittas, . . . condici ei potest vel praescriptis verbis agi.—§ 2, ib.3 must needs make the journey, or you have already incurred the expense which was necessary for the journey, so that it is plain you have laid out more perhaps than you have received, the personal action will fall through; but if less have been spent, the condictio will obtain, so nevertheless that an indemnity be rendered to you for that which you have disbursed. 1 If I make a payment to receive a thing, it is a purchase and sale; but if I make over a thing to receive a thing, inasmuch as an exchange of things is held to be not a purchase, there is no doubt a civil obligation is begotten; in which action the result will be, not that you return what you received, but that I get judgment against you for damages for the loss sustained by me in not receiving the object of the agreement, or if I wish to get back my own property, that which was conveyed shall be recovered, which was made over presumably for a consideration that has failed. 2 But when I make a conveyance in consideration of a performance by you, and the act is of such a character as is commonly done by letting, for example, that you paint a BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. 11. a D. 19, 5, 22. Cf. D. 19, 5, 6. c § 19 (3) facio ut des.-This form was doubted by some Roman jurists." Quodsi faciam ut des, et postea quam feci, cessas dare, nulla erit civilis actio et ideo de dolo dabitur. § 3, ib.1 (4) facio ut facias. Si pacti sumus, ut tu a meo debitore Carthagine exigas, ego a tuo Romae, vel ut tu in meo, ego in tuo solo aedificem et tu cessas, . . . tutius erit praescriptis verbis dari actionem, quae actio similis erit mandati actioni, quemadmodum in superioribus casibus locationi et emptioni.-1. 5, § 4, h. t.2 ACTIONABLE PACTA. § 127. PACTA ADIECTA. 'Pacta adiecta' are the subordinate clauses added to an agreement immediately upon the conclusion thereof (in continenti), qualifying its subject-matter; which, if the principal agreement is a bonae fidei contractus, can be enforced by the action that arises upon it. Ulp. Ait praetor: PACTA CONVENTA, QUAE picture, the letting will follow payment of the money; if I ... a con 1 But if I shall do something in consideration of a conveyance by you, and after performance by me you forbear to make the conveyance, there will be no civil action, and therefore an action will be given for fraud. 2 If we have agreed that you are to recover from my debtor at Carthage, I from yours at Rome, or that you are to build on my ground, I on yours, and you forbear, . . . it will be safer . . . for an action to be given praescr. verbis, which action will be analogous to that of mandate, as in the above cases to letting and purchase. |