imposita servitus videtur.-1. 3, D. comm. Gai. Constituitur adhuc ususfructus in iudicio familiae erciscundae et communi dividundo, si iudex alii proprietatem adiudicaverit, alii usumfructum.-1. 6, § 1, D. de usufr. 7, 1. [-fam. erc. vel comm. div. iudicio legitimo.-Vat. fgm. 47.]* a BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. I. Ulp. Sed etiam cum adiudicat, poterit imponere aliquam servitutem, ut alium alii servum Sc. fundum. faciat ex his, quos adiudicat.-D. 10, 2, 22, 3.3 (4) In the ancient time usucapion was here also recognised, but only indeed in praedial servitudes; it was however excluded by a lex Scribonia; but it may be doubted whether those servitutes praediorum urbanorum, which by some external work or arrangement on the praedium dominans or serviens had a visible appearance, fell under that lex. Paul. eam usucapionem sustulit lex Scribonia, quae servitutem constituebat, non etiam eam, quae libertatem praestat sublata servitute.D. 41, 3, 4, 29.* с Cf. Paul. i. 17. Ulp. Hoc iure utimur ut servitutes per se nusquam longo tempore capi possint, cum aedi- © ? usu. ficiis possint.-1. 10, § 1 eod.3 1 If the owner of two estates grant one to you upon the condition that the estate which is granted be servient to the one which he himself retains, or the reverse, the servitude is considered as lawfully imposed. 2 Moreover, a usufruct can be created in the suit for the division of an inheritance and for the partition of common property; if the iudex adjudge to one person the ownership, to another the usufruct. [-by the statutory action for division of an inheritance or of partition of common property.] 3 But even when he adjudicates, he will be at liberty to impose some servitude, so as to make one [field] servient to another from those which he adjudicates upon. 4-the l. Scrib. did away with such usucapion as founded a servitude, but not also that which re-establishes freedom by removal of the servitude. The Law with us is that servitudes by themselves alone Book III. Pt. I. Ch. I. To be distinguished from the contract that grounds the obligation to create a servitude. ⚫ Different from the stipulatio ⚫ usumfructum,' 'viam dari.' cCf. Vat. fgm. 47; D. 8, 4, 3. Paul. Servitutes praediorum rusticorum, etiamsi corporibus accedunt, incorporales tamen sunt, et ideo usu non capiuntur; vel ideo, quia tales sunt servitutes, ut non habeant certam continuamque possessionem: nemo enim tam perpetuo, tam continenter ire potest, ut nullo momento possessio eius interpellari videatur. Idem et in servitutibus praediorum urbanorum observatur.-1. 14 pr., D. de serv. 8, 1.' The PRAETORIAN servitudes arise (1) by informal contract of appointment (pactio) with which a stipulation relating to allowance of the exercise of servitudes (stipulatio uti frui,' 'ire agere licere used to be connected, without the necessity of tradition, i.e., de facto grant of the servitude, or allowance of its exercise. The like by reservation or imposition of the servitude in the traditio of the property.c Gai. ii. § 31 Alioquin in provincialibus praediis sive quis usumfructum, sive ius eundi agendi aquamve ducendi, vel altius tollendi aedes aut non tollendi, ne luminibus vicini officiatur, ceteraque similia iura constituere velit, pactionibus et stipulationibus id efficere potest; quia ne ipsa quidem praedia mancipationem aut in iure cessionem recipiunt." never can be acquired through usus during a long period, they can in connection with buildings. 1 Servitudes that appertain to rural estates, although adhering to material substances, are yet incorporeal, and so are not taken by usus; or for the reason that they are servitudes of such kind as to make no definite uninterrupted possession possible; for no one can go so uninterruptedly and continuously that his possession is regarded as at no moment interrupted. The same remark applies in respect of servitudes appertaining to urban estates. 2 On the other hand, in provincial estates, whether a man wish to create a usufruct, or a right of passage for driving cattle, or of watercourse, or of raising buildings higher, or not lavol. Quotiens via aut aliquod ius fundi emeretur, cavendum putat esse Labeo, 'per te non fieri quominus eo iure uti possit': quia nulla eiusmodi iuris vacua traditio esset.-1. 20, D. de sery.a 1 : Pomp. Si quis aedes vel . . . fundum tradit, excipere potest id quod personae, non praedii est, velut usum et usumfructum.-1. 32, D. de usufr.* Ulp. Si quis duas aedes habeat et alteras tradat, potest legem traditioni dicere, ut vel istae, quae non traduntur, servae sint his quae traduntur, vel contra ut traditae retentis aedibus serviant. . . . Duas autem aedes simul tradendo non potest efficere alteras alteri servas, quia neque adquirere alienis aedibus servitutem neque imponere potest.-1. 6, pr. D. comm. praed.3 (2) By prescription-longa (iuris quasi) possessio—that is, uninterrupted exercise, continued for ten years 'inter praesentes,' twenty years 'inter absentes' (nec vi nec clam nec precario), of the privilege forming the subject of the servitude, without regard to 'bona fides' and 'iustus titulus.' Ulp. Si quis diuturno usu et longa quasi raising them to prevent obstruction of the neighbour's lights, and other like rights, he can carry it out by agreements and stipulations; because not even do the lands themselves allow of mancipation or of surrender in court. 1 Whenever a carriage-way or any right in land should be sold, Labeo thinks there should be a proviso 'that nothing shall take place through you to hinder the exercise of such right,' because there can be no bare delivery of a right of that kind. If a man deliver a house or field, he can reserve what is personal, not what is praedial; for example, the use and usufruct. BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. 1. a Cf. ibid. § 76, supr. 3 If a man have two buildings and deliver one of them, he can set a condition upon the delivery, either that the one which is retained be servient to that which is delivered, or, on the other hand, that the one delivered be servile to that which is retained. . . . But by the delivery at one time of two buildings, he cannot make one servient to the other, because he can neither acquire nor impose a servitude over buildings owned by another. H H D. 43, 19, 9. BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. I. possessione ius aquae ducendae nactus sit, non est ei necesse docere de iure quo aqua constituta est, veluti ex legato (vel alio modo), sed utilem habet actionem, ut ostendat, per annos forte tot usum se non vi non clam non precario possedisse.-D. 8, 5, 10 pr.1 : Paul. Servitute usus non videtur, nisi qui suo iure uti se credidit; ideoque si quis pro via publica vel pro alterius servitute usus sit, nec interdictum nec actio utiliter competit.-D. 8, 6, 25.3 In the Law of Justinian the distinction between Civil and Praetorian servitudes disappeared. The servitudes originated by an informal contract, which altogether took the place of the in iure cessio and mancipatio, and those by prescription are always 'iure constitutae.' Si quis velit vicino aliquod ius [alii usumfructum] constituere, pactionibus atque stipulationibus id efficere debet.-§ 4, I. de serv., together with § 1, I. de usufr." § 97. TERMINATION OF SERVITUDES. Servitudes are extinguished (1) by natural or juristic destruction: 1 If a man by long-standing use and long-continued quasipossession has acquired a right of leading water, it is not necessary for him to show the right by virtue of which the watercourse has been constituted, as for example, in consequence of a legacy or in any other way, but he has an analogous action that he may show that he has perhaps through so many years possessed the use, not by violence, nor secretly, nor upon sufferance. 2 A man is not regarded as having made use of a servitude unless he has supposed he exercised it as a right of his own; if, therefore, any one have used it in the belief that it was a public road, or a servitude belonging to another person, neither an interdict nor analogous action is available. 3 If a man desire to create in favour of his neighbour a right [in favour of another, a usufruct], he must do so by agreements and stipulations. BOOK III. (a) of the servient property; the personal servitudes already by material change in the form of the Pt. 1. Ch. 1. latter. Ulp. Rei mutatione interire usumfructum placet; veluti ususfructus mihi aedium legatus est, aedes corruerunt vel exustae sunt: sine dubio extinguitur. An et areae? Certissimum est, exustis aedibus nec areae nec cementorum usumfructum deberi; et ita et Iulianus.-D. 7, 4, 5, 2.1 (3) By such destruction of the dominant estate (but not indeed by demolition of the buildings); in respect of usus and ususfructus, by death or capitis diminutio" of the person entitled. Paul. iii. 6, § 29: Capitis minutione amittitur, taverit.2 Inst. ii. 4, § 3: Finitur ususfructus morte fructuarii et duabus capitis deminutionibus, maxima et media.3 (2) By coincidence in the same person of the title to the servitude (in respect of praedial servitudes, of the ownership in the dominant estate) and the ownership in the servient property. fusio-consolidatio.") (Con a Gai. iii. 83. See Brown, 2, 26; 8, 3, 33, Ib. § 3 Item finitur ususfructus . . . si fructuarius proprietatem rei adquisierit, quae res con- 1; 8, 5, 8, 1. solidatio appellatur.* 1 It is held that a usufruct is extinguished by the change of a thing; for example, a usufruct has been bequeathed to me of buildings, but these have collapsed or have been burnt: it without doubt is extinguished. Is that of the site also? It is quite certain that, if buildings have been burnt, a right of usufruct exists neither in the site nor in the masonry; so also Julian too. 2 Loss is experienced of caput if a man have changed his status by arrogation or adoption. 3 Usufruct is determined by the death of the fructuary and by two kinds of cap. dem., the greatest and intermediate. The usufruct is also determined. . . if the fructuary have |