BOOK III.

Pt. 1. Ch. I.

a Holmes, ubi supra.

Paul. (ususfructus) a personis discedere sine interitu sui (non) potest.-D. 10, 2, 15.'

Id. Cum fundus fundo servit," vendito quoque fundo servitutes sequuntur.-1. 12, D. comin. praed. 8, 4.2

(6) Servitudes-with the exception of usufructare indivisible.

Pomp. fgm. Et servitutes dividi non possunt : nam earum usus ita connexus est, ut qui eum partiatur naturam eius corrumpat.'

Ulp. Per partes servitus imponi non potest. -1. 6, § 1, comm. praed."

:

Paul. Si unus ex sociis stipuletur iter ad communem fundum, inutilis est stipulatio, quia nec dari ei potest: sed si omnes stipulentur sive communis servus, singuli ex sociis sibi dari oportere' petere possunt.-1. 19, D. de S. P. R.

Pap. Unus ex sociis fundi communis permittendo ius esse ire agere' nihil agit.-1. 34 pr. eod.

Paul. Si praedium tuum mihi serviat, sive ego partis praedii tui dominus esse coepero sive tu mei, per partes servitus retinetur, licet ab initio per partes adquiri non poterat.— 1. 8, § 1, D. de serv.?

1 -for it cannot be separated from the persons (entitled) save as they die.

2 When one estate is servient to another, even if it have been sold, the servitudes go with it.

3 And servitudes cannot be divided; for their enjoyment is of so close a character that he who breaks it up perverts its

essence.

A servitude cannot be imposed by parts.

If one of the co-owners stipulates that he shall have a footway to a field owned in common, the stipulation is useless, because it cannot be granted; but if all stipulate, or a slave owned in common, the individual co-owners can claim that 'it ought to be granted to them.'

One of several co-owners of a common field does an invalid act if he grant the right to passage on foot or for driving cattle. 7 If your estate be servient to mine, whether I become owner

$94. PRAEDIAL SERVITUDES.a

any

BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. 1.

tude.

Praedial servitudes (servitutes, iura praediorum) are Bell, s. Servithose servitudes which belong to the owner at time of an estate as such, in an estate owned by another, to the advantage of the former, so that ownership itself of the first experiences enlargement, but that of the latter, a limitation. The praedial servi- ' D. 39, 1, 5. 9. tude appears, accordingly, as a juristic, and at the same time economical, quality appertaining to both estates, which consists in the legal dependence of the one (praedium serviens s. quod servitutem debet, servient estate) upon the other (praedium dominans s. cui servitus debetur, dominant estate).

Ideo autem hae servitutes praediorum appellantur, quoniam sine praediis constitui non possunt; nemo enim potest servitutem adquirere urbani vel rustici praedii, nisi qui habet praedium nec quisquam debere, nisi qui habet praedium. -§ 3, I. de serv. 2, 3 (= Ulp. in D. 8, 4, I, 1).1

Cels. Quid aliud sunt iura praediorum, quam praedia qualiter se habentia, ut bonitas salubritas amplitudo ?-D. 50, 16, 86.2

The praedial servitude must through the servient estate satisfy a permanent requirement (perpetua causa) of the dominant one. The following consid- As to which, erations underly this.

с

с

see Gale, Law

of Easements'

(1) The servitude must directly benefit the estate (5th ed.), p. 18.

of part of yours or you of part of mine, the servitude is kept up divided by shares, though originally it could not be acquired by shares.

1 These servitudes are therefore called servitudes of estates, because they cannot exist without them; for no one can acquire or owe a servitude of an urban or rural estate, unless he possess an estate.

2 What else are the rights of lands than the qualities possessed by such lands, as excellence of the soil, healthy situation, spaciousness?

G G

BOOK III.

I't. 1. Ch. I.

a Cf. Markby, S. 410.

Or 'clay.'

itself, must indeed augment its intrinsic value (fundo utilis).

Paul. Ut pomum decerpere liceat et ut spatiari et ut coenare in alieno possimus, servitus imponi non potest.-D. 8, 1, 8 pr.1

Pap.: Pecoris pascendi servitus, . . . si praedii fructus maxime in pecore consistat, praedii magis quam personae videtur.-1. 4, D. de S. P. R. 8, 3.2

(Neratius) dicit, ut maxime calcis coquendae et cretae eximendae servitus constitui possit, non ultra posse, quam quatenus ad eum ipsum fundum opus sit: veluti si figlinas haberet, in quibus ea vasa fierent, quibus fructus eius fundi exportarentur; . . . sed si, ut vasa venirent, figlinae exercerentur, ususfructus erit.—1. 5, 1 (Ulp.), and 1. 6 pr. (Paul.) eod.3

(2) The servient estate, by virtue of an abiding property or natural characteristic, must be in a condition to afford this service continually (perpetua causa in special sense).

Paul. Omnes autem servitutes praediorum perpetuas causas habere debent, et ideo neque ex lacu neque ex stagno concedi aquaeductus potest. Stillicidii quoque immittendi naturalis et perpetua causa esse debet.-1. 28, D. de S. P. U. 8, 2.a+

1 A servitude cannot be imposed to enable us to pluck an apple, to walk about, and to sup upon ground belonging to another.

2 The servitude of pasturing cattle, if the enjoyment of land consist especially in (the grazing of) cattle, appears to appertain to the land rather than to the person.

3

(Ner.) says, although in particular the servitude can be created of burning lime and extracting chalk," it cannot go beyond the requirements of such estate itself;-for example, if it should have potteries in which those vessels should be made wherein to convey away the products of such estate . . . but if the potteries should be employed for the sale of vessels, there will be a usufruct.

4

Now, all praedial servitudes must have permanent causes,

(3) The position of the estates to each other must admit of the one benefiting the other (praedia vicina).

Neratius ait, nec haustum nec pecoris appulsum nec cretae eximendae calcisque coquendae ius posse in alieno esse, nisi fundum vicinum habeat.-1. 5, § 1, de S. P. R.1

Paul. In rusticis autem praediis impedit servitutem medium praedium quod non servit.— 1. 7, § 1 eod.2

Id. Si intercedat solum publicum vel via publica, neque itineris actusve neque altius tollendi servitutes impedit.-1. I pr., de S. P. U.3

BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. 1.

According to the character of the dominant estate," a D. 50, 16, 198. upon which also depends the want to be satisfied, servitudes are divided into servitutes praediorum rusticorum and urbanorum. Amongst the first named, the rights of way and of water call for special mention : via, iter, actus, aquaeductus,-the oldest Roman iura Bell, s. v. As praediorum.c

Ulp. Servitutes rusticorum praediorum sunt hae: iter actus via aquaeductus. Iter est ius eundi ambulandi homini, non etiam iumenti agendi. Actus est ius agendi vel iumentum vel vehiculum: itaque qui iter habet, actum non habet; qui actum habet, et iter habet etiam sine iumento. Via est ius eundi et agendi et ambulandi: nam et iter et

and therefore a right of leading water cannot be granted either out of a lake or a pond. A water-drip, again, ought to have a natural and permanent cause.

1 Ner. says that one cannot have the drawing of water or leading of cattle or the right to extract chalk and burn lime in land owned by another, unless one possesses adjoining land.

2 Now in rural estates an intermediate estate which is not servient hinders a servitude.

3 If public land or a public way intervene, it does not hinder servitudes of footway or of driving cattle or of raising a house higher.

to this division, see also Gale,

p. 26.
€ § 74.

с

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. I.

a Cf. Gale, pp. 340-2,

citing Co. Litt. 56a.

actum in se via continet."

Aquaeductus est ius aquam ducendi per fundum alienum.-In rusticis computanda sunt: aquae haustus, pecoris ad aquam appulsus, ius pascendi, calcis coquendae, arenae fodiendae.—1. 1 pr., § 1, de S. P. R.'

Gai. Viae latitudo ex lege XII tabularum in porrectum octo pedes habet, in anfractum, i.e. ubi flexum est, sedecim.-1. 8 eod.*

Iust. ii. 3, § 1: Praediorum urbanorum sunt servitutes, quae aedificiis inhaerent; . . . sunt hae: ut vicinus onera vicini sustineat; ut in parietem eius liceat vicino tignum immittere; ut stillicidium vel flumen recipiat quis in aedes suas vel in aream, vel non recipiat; et ne altius tollat quis aedes suas, ne luminibus vicini officiatur.3

95. PERSONAL SERVITUDES.

Personal servitudes are those servitudes which belong to a determinate individual person, and serve his requirements.

1 The following are the servitudes of rural estates: right of footway, of driving cattle, of carriage-way, of leading water. Iter is the right for a man to pass upon foot, not to lead cattle as well. Actus is the right of driving either a beast or a carriage: therefore, he that hath iter hath not actus; he that hath actus, hath iter also without beasts. Via is the right of passage both of driving and walking; for via includes both iter and actus. Aquaeductus is the right of leading water over the land of another. Amongst rural servitudes are to be reckoned: drawing of water, driving cattle to water, the right of pasture, of burning lime, of digging sand.

The breadth of the carriage-way, according to a law of the Twelve Tables, amounts to 8 feet in a straight line, and at an angle, that is, where it turns, 16 feet.

3 The servitudes of urban estates are those which incumber buildings; . . . they are the following: that a neighbour support the weight of an adjoining house; that he must allow his neighbour to insert a beam in his wall; that he receive dropping water or running water into his house or his court-yard, or do not receive such; and that he may not carry his house higher so as to interfere with his neighbour's lights.