BOOK II. a Sc. pecuniam. § 74. interponunt.-27: Tutoris auctoritas necessaria est mulieribus quidem in his rebus: si lege aut legitimo iudicio agant, si se obligent, si civile negotium gerant, si libertae suae permittant in contubernio alieni servi morari, si rem mancipi alienent.1 Gai. ii. §§ 80, 81: Nunc admonendi sumus, neque feminam neque pupillum sine tutoris auctoritate rem mancipi alienare posse; nec mancipi vero feminam quidem posse, pupillum non posse.— § Ideoque si quando mulier mutuam pecuniam alicui sine tutoris auctoritate dederit, quia facit eam accipientis, cum scilicet pecunia res nec mancipi sit, contrahit obligationem.-§ 85: Mulieri etiam sine tutoris auctoritate recte solvi potest; . . . at si non accipiat," sed . . . per acceptilationem velit debitorem sine tutoris auctoritate liberare, non potest. Cicero, p. Flacco 34, 84: In manum convenerat.'. . . Nihil potest de tutela legitima nisi omnium tutorum auctoritate deminui.3 1 The tutors of pupils male and female both transact their business and furnish authorisation, but the tutors of women do but furnish authorisation. The sanction of their tutor is necessary for women in the following matters: if they sue by legis actio or a legitimum iudicium, if they undertake an obligation, if they transact any matter of Civil Law, if they give leave to their freedwoman to cohabit with another person's slave, if they alienate a mancipable thing. 2 We must now observe that neither a woman nor a ward can, without the sanction of the guardian, alienate a res mancipi; but that a woman indeed can alienate a res nec mancipi, that a pupil cannot. § And therefore, whenever a woman shall make a loan to any one without the sanction of her guardian, she contracts an obligation, because she makes it the property of the borrower, since of course money is a res nec mancipi.-§ To a woman, too, payment can rightly be made without her guardian's authority yet if she does not receive it, but desires to give the debtor a discharge without the sanction of the guardian, she cannot do so. 36 'She had passed into manus.' As regards tut. legit., Gai. i. §§ 190-1: Feminas vero perfectae aetatis in tutela esse, fere nulla pretiosa ratio suas isse videtur: nam quae vulgo creditur, quia levitate animi plerumque decipiuntur et aequum erat, eas tutorum auctoritate regi, magis speciosa videtur quam vera; mulieres enim, quae perfectae aetatis sunt, ipsae sibi negotia tractant, et in quibusdum causis dicis gratia tutor interponit auctoritatem suam; saepe etiam invitus auctor fieri a praetore cogitur. § Unde cum tutore nullum ex tutela iudicium mulieri datur.' The grounds of devolution in respect of the tutela mulierum' are the same as in the case of 'tutela impuberum.' (1) The pat. fam. can by testament nominate a tutor for the daughters under his potestas, as well as for the 'uxor in manu.' For the latter there is a peculiar kind of appointment, the tutoris optio,' the object of which was as far as possible to free the wife from onerous guardianship through the choice of a tutor acceptable to her. Gai. i. § 148: Uxori quae in manu est, proinde ac filiae, item nurui quae in filii manu est, proinde ac nepti tutor dari potest.-§§ 150-4: In persona tamen uxoris, quae in manu est, recepta est etiam tutoris optio, i.e. ut liceat ei permittere, quem velit ipsa tutorem sibi optare, hoc modo: TITIAE nothing can be curtailed save by the sanction of all the guardians. 1 But there seems to have been scarcely any appreciable reason afforded for women of full age being under tutelage: the reason which is commonly received, that owing to their fickleness of mind they are generally imposed upon, and that it is right they should be guided by the authority of guardians, appears more plausible than true. For women who are of full age conduct their business for themselves, and in certain matters the guardian furnishes his authority for form's sake; he is also frequently compelled by the praetor to concur against his will. § Hence no action is given to a woman against her guardian as arising from the tutelage. BOOK II. BOOK II. a § 64. VXORI MEAE TVTORIS OPTIONEM DO; quo casu licet uxori (tutorem optare) vel in omnes res vel in unam forte aut duas. § Ceterum aut plena optio datur aut angusta. § Plena ita dari solet, ut proxime supra diximus; angusta ita dari solet TITIAE VXORI MEAE TVTORIS OPTIONEM DVMTAXAT SEMEL DO, aut DVMTAXAT BIS DO. § Quae optiones plurimum inter se differunt: nam quae plenam optionem habet, potest et semel et bis et ter et saepius tutorem optare: quae vero angustam habet optionem, si dumtaxat semel data est optio, amplius quam semel optare non potest; si tantum bis, amplius quam bis optandi facultatem non habet. § Vocantur autem hi qui . . . ex optione sumuntur, optivi.' (2) The legitima mulierum tutela («) is transferred to the same persons as tutela impuberum; but the tutela of agnates was abolished by Claudius. Gai. i. 157: Sed olim quidem, quantum ad legem XII tabularum attinet, etiam feminae adgnatos habebant tutores; sed postea lex Claudia lata est, quae quod ad feminas attinet, 1 A tutor can be appointed to a wife in manu precisely as to a daughter, likewise to a daughter-in-law in the manus of our son, precisely as to a granddaughter. § In respect, however, of a wife in manu, the choice of a tutor is also allowed, i.e., she may be permitted to choose for herself a tutor as she pleases, in this form: 'I give to Titia my wife the choice of a tutor,' in which case the wife is at liberty (to choose a tutor) either for all matters or, it may be, for one or two. § Moreover, she is given a choice either unlimited or restricted. The grant of unlimited choice is usually as just mentioned above; but the limited power is commonly given thus: "To Titia my wife I give only a single choice of tutor,' or 'only twice.' § These modes of selection differ considerably from one another; for she who has an unlimited choice, can select her tutor once, twice, thrice, or oftener; whilst she that has a limited choice, if it have been given only for once, cannot choose more than once; if only twice, she has no power of choosing more than twice. § Now those tutors who are taken in virtue of a selection are called optivi. tutelas illas sustulit: itaque masculus quidem BOOK II. Ulp. xi. 8: Feminarum legitimas tutelas lex Claudia sustulit, excepta tutela patronorum. (B) It is marked by the following peculiarities: First, the regular non-enforceable character of the tutelae auctoritas; as was certainly always recognised in the case of 'patroni et parentes,' but with agnates scarcely indeed until the time of Claudius." But as a Except in the against the 'alterius generis tutores,' the auctoritas arii tutores could ever be obtained peremptorily, first of all in (Gai. i. 114, respect of 'in manum conventio,' and later on in other also the optivi, cases also. α case of fiduci sq.), who, as always gave their authority only as a matter of form Gai. i. § 192: Sane patronorum et parentum legitimae tutelae vim aliquam habere intelliguntur (dicis causa). eo, quod hi neque ad testamentum faciendum, neque ad res mancipi alienandas, neque ad obligationes suscipiendas auctores fieri coguntur, praeterquam si magna causa alienandarum rerum mancipi obligationisve suscipiendae interveniat: eaque omnia ipsorum causa constituta sunt, ut quia ad eos intestatarum mortuarum hereditates pertinent, neque per testamentum excludantur ab hereditate, neque alienatis pretiosioribus rebus susceptoque aere alieno minus locuples ad eos hereditas perveniat.3 1 But formerly indeed, so far as concerns the Law of the Twelve Tables, women also had their agnates as tutors; but the 1. Claudia was afterwards passed, which, in relation to women, abolished those guardianships; accordingly, while a male under puberty has as his guardian a brother of the age of puberty or paternal uncle, a woman cannot have a guardian of that kind. 2 The 1. Claudia abolished the statutory guardianships of women, with the exception of those held by patrons. The statutory guardianships of patrons and ancestors are certainly seen to have some force from the fact that these persons are not compelled to sanction either the execution of a testa. ment, or the conveyance of a res mancipi, or the undertaking Y BOOK II. a Supra, p. 310. Secondly, the possibility of 'in iure cessio tutelae' by the guardian to a third party. Gai. i. §§ 168-170: Adgnatis et patronis et liberorum capitum manumissoribus permissum est feminarum tutelam alii in iure cedere; pupillorum autem tutelam non est permissum cedere, quia non videtur onerosa, cum tempore pubertatis finiatur. § Is autem cui ceditur tutela cessicius tutor vocatur. § Quo mortuo aut capite diminuto revertitur ad eum tutorem tutela, qui cessit; ipse quoque qui cessit si mortuus aut capite diminutus sit, a cessicio tutela discedit et revertitur ad eum qui post eum, qui cesserat, secundum gradum in ea tutela habuerit.' (3) A guardian is appointed to a woman by the magistrate, either for a permanency, in the event of her otherwise having no tutor," or for a particular legal act, if her tutor is prevented from giving auctoritas. This occurs especially (a) in case of absence. Gai. i. § 173: Senatusconsulto mulieribus. permissum est, in absentis tutoris locum alium. of obligations, unless a weighty reason present itself for the conveyance of res mancipi or the undertaking of obligations. And all such things have been settled on behalf of the tutors themselves, inasmuch as the inheritances of women dying intestate pass to them, and they are not excluded from the inheritance by a testament, nor does the inheritance come to them depreciated by alienation of the more valuable things, or by its being charged with a debt. 1 Agnates and patrons and those who have manumitted free persons are allowed to transfer the tutelage of women to a third person by surrender in court; but not the tutelage of male pupils, because it is not regarded as burdensome, since it comes to an end at the time of puberty. § Now he to whom the tutelage is transferred is called' tutor cessicius.' § Upon his death, or loss of status, the tutelage reverts to the tutor who transferred it. And if the transferor himself dies, or experiences loss of status, the tutelage passes from the tutor cessicius' and reverts to the person who in respect of such tutelage shall stand next in succession to the transferor. |