Marcian. Non potest filius, qui est in potestate patris, ullo modo compellere eum, ne sit in potestate, sive naturalis sive adoptivus.-1. 31 eod.1 Papin. Nonnumquam autem impubes, qui adoptatus est, audiendus erit, si pubes factus emancipari desideret; idque causa cognita per iudicem statuendum erit.-1. 32 pr. eod.2 Paul. ii. 25, § 5: Filiusfamilias emancipari invitus non cogitur.3 BOOK II. Imp. Anast. :-infantes" et sine consensu hoc a See § 60. modo sui iuris efficiuntur.-C. 8, 48 (49), l. 5.* Imp. Dioclet.: Adoptatum emancipatione sollemni separare a familia sua pater adoptivus minime prohibetur.-C. 8, 47 (48), 9.5 The person emancipated-not his already existing descendants-leaves the familia of the pat. fam.; who, D. 38, 10, 4, as manumittor, retains a quasi-patronatus over him. Gai. i. § 135: Qui ex filio semel iterumve mancipato conceptus est, licet post tertiam mancipationem patris sui nascatur, tamen in avi potestate est, et ideo ab eo et emancipari et in adoptionem dari potest. At is qui ex eo filio conceptus est, qui in tertia mancipatione est, non power, shall be at liberty to discharge the son from power, but to retain the grandson under power; or conversely, to retain the son under power, and to release the grandson therefrom, or to make both of them sui iuris. 1 A son that is under his father's power can by no means compel such to terminate his subjection, whether he be a natural or an adoptive son. 2 But sometimes an impubes who has been adopted ought to be heard if, having reached the age of puberty, he desire to be emancipated; and this must be determined by the judge after a preliminary inquiry. 3 A fil. fam. is not compelled to be emancipated against his will. 4 Children under seven years, even without their consent, are rendered sui iuris in this manner. An adoptive father is not at all restrained from detaching an adoptive son from his family by a solemn release. T IO. BOOK II. nascitur in avi potestate; sed eum Labeo quidem existimat in eiusdem mancipio esse, cuius et pater sit utimur autem hoc iure, ut quamdiu pater eius in mancipio est, pendeat ius eius; et si quidem pater eius ex mancipatione manumissus erit, cadat in eius potestatem; si vero is dum in mancipio sit decesserit, sui iuris fiat.' Illud scire oportet, quod, si nurus tuus ex filio tuo conceperit et filium postea emancipaveris vel in adoptionem dederis praegnante nuru tua, nihilo minus quod ex ea nascitur, in potestate tua nascitur.—§ 9, I. h. t.2 -ex edicto praetoris in huius filii . . . bonis, qui a parente manumissus fuerit, eadem iura praestantur parenti, quae tribuuntur patrono in bonis liberti; et praeterea si impubes sit filius ipse parens ex manumissione tutelam eius nanciscitur. § 6, I. eod.3 1 A child conceived from a son after his first or second mancipation, although not born until after the third mancipation of his father, is nevertheless under the power of his grandfather, and so can both be sold and given in adoption by him. But a child conceived from such son the third time in mancipium is not born under his grandfather's power; but Labeo considers that he is in the mancipium of the same person as his father; we, however, adopt the rule that so long as his father is in mancipium, the child's rights are in suspense; and if indeed his father be manumitted from the mancipium, he will lapse under the latter's power; but if such die in mancipium, the child becomes sui iuris. 2 It is to be observed that if thy daughter-in-law have conceived from thy son, and thou hast afterwards during the pregnancy of thy daughter-in-law emancipated thy son, or hast given him in adoption, none the less is that which is born of her under thy power. 3 By an edict of the praetor the same rights are given to the father over the property of the son manumitted by such father as are accorded to a patron over the property of the freedman; and moreover, if his son be an impubes, the father himself acquires guardianship of the latter consequent upon the manumission. $ 54. PROTECTION OF PATRIA POTESTAS. The patria potestas is enforced against any third person who detains the child from the pat. fam.(1) By 'vindicatio in potestatem.' ' rei vindicatio'a is inadmissible, since the child is not in the ownership of the pat. fam. : The ordinary BOOK II. a Gai. iv. 16; ibid. §§ 2, 3; infra, § 90, ad init. Sc. rei vindi Ulp. Per hanc autem actionem liberae personae, quae sunt iuris nostri, ut puta liberi qui cationem. sunt in potestate, non petuntur. Petuntur igitur aut praeiudiciis aut interdictis aut cognitione praetoria; et ita Pomponius . . : nisi forte, inquit, adiecta causa quis vindicet. Si quis ita petit FILIVM SVVM, vel IN POTESTATE EX IVRE ROMANO, videtur mihi et Pomponius consentire recte eum egisse: ait enim adiecta causa ex lege Quiritium vindicare posse.-D. 6, 1, 1, 2.1 (2) By the interdictum de liberis exhibendis,' and the interdictum (prohibitorium) de liberis ducendis.' Id.: Ait praetor: QVI QVAEVE IN POTESTATE LVCII TITII EST, SI IS EAVE APVD TE EST, DOLOVE MALO TVO FACTVM EST, QVO MINVS APVD TE ESSET, ITA EVM EAMVE EXHIBEAS, § Hoc interdictum proponitur adversus eum, quem quis exhibere desiderat eum, quem in potestate sua esse dicit.— § Si quis filiam suam, quae mihi nupta est, velit abducere vel exhiberi sibi desideret, an adversus interdictum exceptio danda sit: si forte pater concordans matrimonium, forte et liberis subnixum velit dissolvere ? Et certo iure utimur, ne bene 1 Now free persons that are under our control, as children who are under power, cannot be sued by this action. Accordingly, they are sued either by means of praeiudicia, or by interdicts, or by investigation on the part of the praetor. So also Pomp.: unless, it may be, a person make the claim upon an additional ground.' If any one so make a claim against his son,' or as that he is under power according to Roman Law,' it seems to me that Pomp. also agrees that he has acted rightly; for he says that the Quiritarian Law admits of such claim if there be an additional cause. BOOK II. Part 1. a Cf. § 51. and first extract above. concordantia matrimonia iure patriae potestatis perturbentur; quod tamen sic erit adhibendum, ut patri persuadeatur,ne acerbe patriam potestatem exerceat.-D. 43, 30, I pr., §§ 1, 5.' Id. Deinde ait praetor: SI LVCIVS TITIVS IN POTESTATE LVCII TITII EST, QVO MINVS EVM LVCIO DVCERE LICEAT, VIM FIERI VETO.-1. 3 pr. eod." (3) By praeiudicium,' when the question is, whether the patria potestas exists or not." As against the child himself, notice is taken of the patria potestas by 'extraordinaria cognitio,' in respect of which direct compulsion is used where necessary. Hoc autem interdictum competit non adversus ipsum filium, quem quis ducere velit, sed utique debet esse is, qui eum interdicto defendat. Ceterum cessat interdictum, et succedere poterit notio praetoris, ut apud eum disceptetur, utrum quis in potestate sit, an non sit.-1. 3, § 3 eod.3 1 The praetor says: 'As to the man or the woman who is under the power of L. T., if he or she be within thy control, or it have happened by thy fraud that he or she was not within thy control, thou must produce him or her.' § This interdict is set forth against the person from whom any one claims the production of such person as he alleges is under his power.-§ If any one desire to withdraw his daughter who has been married to me, or claims her production, will a plea have to be granted against the interdict, if perchance the father wishes to break up a marriage that is harmonious, and perhaps cemented by children? It is a positive maxim of our Law that essentially harmonious marriages cannot be disturbed by the right of patr. pot.; this, nevertheless, must be so applied that an endeavour be made to induce the father to make no harsh use of his patr. pot. 2 Afterwards the praetor says: 'If L. T. is under the power of L. T., that L. T. be not allowed to take him away, I forbid his exerting force.' 3 But this interdict does not attach against the son himself that a man desires to take away, but of course there must be a person to defend him against the interdict. But the interdict is determined, and the inquiry by the praetor can then ensue, so that before him the discussion is as to whether a person is under power or not. Paul. Si filius in potestate patris esse se neget, praetor cognoscit ita, ut prior doceat filius, quia .. . se liberum esse quodammodo contendit. -D. 22, 3, 8.1 ... $55. MANCIPIUM. a BOOK II. dicio: cf. Gai. iii. 104. 'Mancipium' is that servile relation of a Roman citizena in a strange familia which, without assuring « Or perhaps a him rights in it, makes him a dependent member of it, Latinus. like the slave in relation to Property Law. Accord- & Servilis coning to the later juridical view of the Roman jurists, the persona in mancipio' retains conubium' and the rights arising from it, and in this respect stands to his master as an 'extranea persona,' but he is himself not 'suae potestatis,' and is incapable of exercising domestic rights of power, which are therefore suspended for the time being. As regards commercium, the Ibid. i. 135. persona mancipio' takes a position towards the master similar to that of the adrogatus.' d Liv. 41, 8: Lex sociis nominis Latini, qui stirpem ex sese domi relinquerent, dabat, ut cives Romani fierent. Ea lege male utendo alii sociis, alii populo Romano iniuriam faciebant: nam ne stirpem domi relinquerent, liberos suos quibusquibus Romanis in eam condicionem, ut manumitterentur, mancipio dabant, libertinique cives essent.2 Gai. i. § 123: a parentibus vel a coemptionatoribus mancipati mancipataeve servorum If a son say that he is not under patr. pot., the praetor upon inquiry rules that the son first show this, because he maintains that he is in some way or other independent. ... 2 The statute granted to allies of the Latin name, who left at home their own offspring, that they should become Roman citizens. By misuse of that lex some did harm to the allies, others to the Roman people; for lest they should leave their offspring at home, they gave their children as slaves to any Roman whatever, upon condition that they were manumitted and became citizens that were libertini. d Ibid. ii. 90 iv. 80. |