Ulp. dolo facere eum qui contra pactum petat, negari non potest.-1. 2, § 4 eod.'1 Et generaliter sciendum est, ex omnibus in factum exceptionibus doli oriri exceptionem, quia dolo facit, quicumque id, quod quaque exceptione elidi potest, petit: nam et si inter initia nihil dolo malo fecit, attamen nunc petendo facit dolose, nisi si talis ignorantia sit in eo, ut dolo careat.-1. 2, § 5 eod.2 Paul. Dolo facit, qui petit, quod redditurus est. 1. 8 pr. eod." Exceptiones are divided (1) According to their operation, into 'peremptoriae (perpetuae)' and 'dilatoriae (temporales).' The 'perpetuae' at all times bar the action, and constantly render the right of action entirely inoperative, (destructive pleas); whilst the 'temporales' bar the action only for a while, and thus suspend the validity of the plaintiff's claim (dilatory pleas). The effect of both kinds of 'exceptio' is, however, the same in the case of successful demurrer. Gai.: Perpetuae atque peremptoriae sunt, quae semper locum habent, nec evitari possunt, qualis est doli mali, et rei iudicatae, et si quid contra leges senatusve consultum factum esse dicetur, item pacti conventi perpetui, i.e. ne omnino pecunia petatur.-Temporales atque dilatoriae sunt, quae non semper locum habent sed evitari possunt qualis est pacti conventi temporalis, i.e. 1 It cannot be denied that he acts fraudulently who makes a claim in spite of a bargain. 2 And it in general is to be observed that the plea of fraud springs out of all pleas as to matter of fact, because every one acts fraudulently who claims that which can be avoided by some plea; for, although originally he did not act fraudulently, he does now so act by making a claim, unless his ignorance be so great that he is free from fraud. 3 He acts fraudulently who claims what he will have again to give up. BOOK I. Chapter II. BOOK I. Chapter II. ne forte intra quinquennium ageretur.-1. 3, D. h. t.1 Ulp.: dilatoria est exceptio, quae differt actionem.-1. 2, § 4 eod.2 Gai. iv. 123: Observandum est autem ei, cui dilatoria obiicitur exceptio, ut differat actionem ; alioquin si obiecta exceptione egerit, rem perdit: nec enim post illud tempus, quo integra re eam evitare poterat, adhuc ei potestas agendi superest, re in iudicium deducta et per exceptionem perempta.3 (2.) According to their subjective relation, into 'exc. in rem' and 'in personam' (passively real and personal), according as they can be opposed to any, or only a certain, person as plaintiff; and into 'exc. rei' and 'personae cohaerentes' (actively real and personal), according as they belong to any, or only to a particular, person as defendant. Ulp. Et quidem illud adnotandum est, quod specialiter exprimendum est, de cuius dolo quis queratur, non in rem: SI IN EA RE NIHIL DOLO MALO FACTVM EST, sed sic: SI IN EA RE NIHIL DOLO MALO ACTORIS FACTVM EST. Docere igitur debet is qui obiicit exceptionem, dolo malo actoris 1 Perpetual and peremptory are those which are always admissible and cannot be avoided, as for example, those of fraud and res iudicata, and if it is alleged that aught has been done in contravention of statutes or a senatus-consultum; likewise those of a continuous contractual agreement, i.e., that a sum of money shall certainly not be demanded. Temporal and dilatory are those which are not always admissible, but can be avoided, e.g., those of a temporal contractual agreement, i.e., that, it may be, proceedings shall not be taken within five years. 2 A dilatory plea is that which postpones the action. 3 Now he against whom a dilatory plea is submitted should see that he postpones his action, otherwise if he continues proceedings after the plea has been submitted, he loses the cause. For not even after the time when he could have avoided it, and the cause was intact, does a right of action survive to him, the matter having been laid before the court and disposed of by the plea. factum, nec sufficiet ei ostendere in re : Id. Exceptio doli personam complectitur eius, qui doli fecit enimvero metus causa exceptio in rem scripta est: SI IN EA RE NIHIL METVS CAVSA FACTVM EST, ut non inspiciamus, an is qui agit metus causa fecit aliquid, sed an omnino metus causa factum est in hac re a quocumque, non tantum ab eo qui agit.—l. 4, § 33 eod.' Paul. Exceptiones, quae personae cuiusque cohaerent, non transeunt ad alios. § Rei autem cohaerentes exceptiones etiam fideiiussoribus competunt, ut rei iudicatae, doli mali, iurisiurandi, quod metus causa factum est. Igitur et si reus pactus sit in rem, omnimodo competit exceptio fideiussori.-1. 7 pr., § 1, D. h. t.3 1 And a point to be observed is, that it must be expressly said for whose fraud any one brings an action; not in rem: 'If nothing have been done in the matter through fraud,' but thus: 'If in such matter nothing have been done through fraud of the plaintiff.' Accordingly, as to him who puts forward the plea that something has been done by fraud of the plaintiff, it will not be enough for him to show that fraud lies in the thing itself. -With regard to the person of him who puts forward the plea, it obtains a 'real' character; for it is not a question against whom fraud has been committed, but whether in such matter fraud has taken place on the part of the plaintiff. 2 The plea of fraud affects the person of him who has acted fraudulently, but the plea 'because of intimidation' has a 'real' relation: 'If in such matter nothing has been done through intimidation,' so that we do not consider whether the plaintiff has done anything in order to intimidate, but whether generally in this matter it have been done by any one whomsoever to intimidate, and not merely by the plaintiff. 3 Pleas which appertain to a certain person do not pass to others. The pleas which go with the matter belong also to the sureties, as of res iudicata, of fraud, of a declaration, on L BOOK I. Chapter II. BOOK I. Chapter II. a' Quasi excep tionis exceptio.' E.g., in §§ 90, 102, 129. In like manner as the 'actio' by an 'exceptio,' can the latter be met by a 'replicatio,'" and this again by a duplicatio,' and so on. Ulp. Replicationes nihil aliud sunt, quam exceptiones, et a parte actoris veniunt; quae quidem ideo necessariae sunt, ut exceptiones excludant.-1. 2, § 1, D. h. t.1 Gai. iv. §§ 126-129: Interdum evenit, ut exceptio quae prima facie iusta videatur, inique noceat actori; quod cum accidit alia adiectione opus est adiuvandi actoris gratia: quae adiectio replicatio vocatur, quia per eam replicatur atque resolvitur vis exceptionis.-§ Interdum autem evenit, ut rursus replicatio, quae prima facie iusta sit, inique reo noceat; quod cum accidit, adiectione opus est adiuvandi rei gratia, quae duplicatio vocatur. § Et si rursus ea prima facie iusta videatur, sed propter aliquam causam inique actori noceat, rursus adiectione opus est, qua actor adiuvetur, quae dicitur triplicatio. § Quarum omnium adiectionum usum interdum etiam ulterius quam diximus varietas negotiarum introduxit.(= pr. §§ 1-3, I. de replicat. 4, 14.)3 oath, and of what has been done through intimidation. Accordingly, if the defendant have entered into a contract in rem, a plea is at all times available by the surety. 1 Replicationes are nothing else than pleas, and proceed from the plaintiff; and these are necessary in order to restrain pleas. 2 It sometimes happens that a plea, which prima facie seems just, unfairly prejudices the plaintiff. When this occurs, another addition is necessary to aid the plaintiff, and this addition is called a replicatio, because by means of it the force of the plea is rebutted and destroyed. § But sometimes it happens that a replicatio in its turn, which prima facie is just, unfairly prejudices the defendant; and when this occurs there is need of an addition for the purpose of relieving the defendant, which is called a duplicatio. § And if again this appear prima facie fair, but for some reason unjustly prejudices the plaintiff, another addition is needed in relief of the plaintiff, which is called a triplicatio. The variety of transactions has brought about the employment of all these additions even beyond what we have specified. $29. INTERDICTS." a BOOK I. Chapter II. Represented in by 'injunction' For certain cases, especially in view of the protection Cf. § 202. of possession or of other actual condition of things, as English Law well as of public order and the arrangements of inter- and mandacourse, against arbitrary infringement, injunctions of the mus, as to praetor, in standing formulae attached to definite pre- Stephen, iii. sumptions, were put forward in the Edict. These were Brown, s. vv. 'interdicta' in the wider sense, sometimes commands, or 'decreta,' at other times prohibitions, or 'interdicta' in the narrower sense, which the magistrate by virtue of his imperium issued in the particular case to those alleged to act in an objectionable way (or even to both parties) upon the application of the one who believed himself injured, and without further investigation in the presence of the parties of the actual circumstances. -The non-observance of the praetor's injunction (interdictum redditum ') led to a further judicial proceeding, in which the existence of the actual presumptions raised which see 118, &c., and by that injunction in the particular case, and accord- b Adversus ingly of an actual disobedience to it, was judicially edictum prae settled, and the case was decided. Gai. iv. §§ 139, sq.: Certis igitur ex causis praetor aut proconsul principaliter auctoritatem suam finiendis controversiis interponit, quod tum maxime facit, cum de possessione aut quasi possessione inter aliquos contenditur; et in summa aut iubet aliquid fieri aut fieri prohibet; formulae autem et verborum conceptiones, quibus in ea re utitur, interdicta decretave vocantur. § Vocantur autem decreta, cum fieri aliquid iubet, veluti cum praecipit, ut aliquid exhibeatur aut restituatur; interdicta vero, cum prohibet fieri, veluti cum praecipit, ne sine vitio possidenti vis fiat, neve in loco sacro aliquid fiat: unde omnia interdicta aut restitutoria aut exhibitoria aut prohibitoria vocantur.' 1 In certain cases, then, the praetor or proconsul interposes his authority at the outset to put an end to disputes; and this toris.' |