Pomp. Furioso sententia a iudice dici non potest.--1. 9 eod.' (3) If it have been pronounced in the absence of a party." Paul. v. 5, §6: Ea quae altera parte absente decernuntur, vim rerum iudicatarum non obtinent.2 (4) If it violate a valid decision, or directly negative an established rule of law; but not indeed if the decision do not agree with positive law: if, for instance, a rule of law is falsely applied. BOOK IV. Chapter II. a But comp. § 202. b Cf. inf. D. 5. I, 74, 2; 10, 2, Mod. Si expressim sententia contra iuris 36; and § 203. rigorem data fuerit, valere non debet, et ideo et sine appellatione causa denuo induci potest; non iure profertur sententia, si specialiter contra leges vel senatusconsultum vel constitutionem fuerit prolata.-D. 49, 1, 19.3 Mac. Contra constitutiones autem iudicatur. cum de iure constitutionis non de iure ligatoris pronunciatur.-D. 49, 8, 1, 2.* Call. Cum prolatis constitutionibus contra eas pronuntiat iudex, eo quod non existimat causam, de qua iudicat, per eas iuvari, non videtur contra constitutiones sententiam dedisse.-D. 42, 1, 32.5 The invalidity of the judgment can form the subject of further proceedings, in which a decision is given 1 Sentence cannot be given by a iudex for a madman. 2 Matters that are decided in the absence of one of the two parties do not obtain the force of res iudicatae. 3 If judgment has been expressly given in opposition to the rigour of the law, it shall be invalid, and the cause can therefore be retried even without appeal. A sentence is not passed in accordance with law, if it have expressly been passed in opposi tion to statutes, or a decree of the Senate, or a constitution. Now judgment is given in opposition to constitutions when sentence is passed against the law of the constitution, not against the right of the litigant. 5 When appeal is made to constitutions, and yet the iudex pronounces against them, because he does not consider that the case in which he gives judgment is supported by them, he is not regarded as having delivered judgment in opposition to the constitution. BOOK IV. Chapter II. § 195. upon the legal existence of the judgment. The nullity of the judgment is established either (a) defensively, on the part of the defendant, by denial of the ground of the actio iudicati brought against him," or on the part of the plaintiff, who repeatedly prosecutes his claim, by resisting the defendant's appeal to the res iudicata (exceptio rei iudicatae); or (B) aggressively, on the part of a party condemned, by recalling-cum poena dupli-the performance rendered in consequence of the judgment, by means of revocatio in duplum,' but not by means of 'condictio iudebiti.' Mac. Si quaeratur, iudicatum sit nec ne, et huius quaestionis iudex non esse iudicatum pronuntiaverit licet fuerit iudicatum, rescinditur, si provocatum non fuerit.-D. 49, 8, 1 pr.1 Iul. Respondi: iudicium quod iam mortuo debitore per defensorem eius accipitur nullum esse, et ideo heredem non liberari: defensorem autem si ex causa iudicati solverit, repetere non posse.-D. 5, 1, 74, 2.o Paul. Non est iudicium familiae erciscundae nisi inter coheredes acceptum: sed quamvis non sit iudicium, tamen sufficit ad impediendamı repetitionem, quod quis se putat condemnatum.— D. 10, 2, 36.3 Ulp. . . . si ex condemnatione fuerit pecunia : If inquiry be made whether judgment has been given or not, and the iudex has replied to this question, that judgment has not been given, although it have been, yet such judgment is rescinded, if no appeal have been made. I replied: An action which, whilst the debtor was already dead, is undertaken by his representative, is of no effect, and therefore the heir is not discharged, but the representative, if he has paid upon the ground of the judgment, cannot recover. 3 The action for partition of an inheritance only obtains between actual co-heirs, but although there was no action, yet it is still enough to hinder recovery that a man thinks he was condemned. soluta, propter auctoritatem rei iudicatae a BOOK IV Chapter 11. And finally, against an already valid judgment, in the presence of a ground of restitution,a in integrum « § 30. restitutio' can be given by the higher (or a like) judge, by which it is rescinded, and it is replaced by fresh proceedings; to be distinguished from restitution as against delay in appeal. Likewise, a judgment obtained by deceit may be contested by ordinary remedies for dolus. : Mac. Inter minores XXV annis et eos qui reipublicae causa absunt hoc interest, quod minores etiam qui per tutores curatoresve suos defensi sunt, nihilo minus in integrum contra rem iudicatam restituuntur cognita scilicet causa: ei vero qui reipublicae causa absit, ceteris quoque qui in eadem causa habentur, si per procuratores suos defensi sunt, hactenus in integrum restitutione subveniri solet, ut appellare his permittatur. -D. 4, I, 8.2 Herm. Appellatio iniquitatis sententiae querelam, in integrum vero restitutio erroris proprii veniae petitionem vel adversarii circumventionis allegationem continet.-D. 4, 4, 17.3 Ulp. Quod appellatio interposita maioribus 1-if money has been paid by virtue of a judgment . . recovery is lost, because of the binding force of the decision. 2 Between those who are less than 25 years of age and per sons that are absent on State business there is this difference, that minors even who have been defended by tutors or curators are none the less reinstated in their former position in spite of the decision, of course after investigation of the case; but a person who is absent on State business, as also others that are regarded as in the same position, if they have been defended by their procuratores, are so far relieved by reinstatement in their former position that they are allowed to appeal. Appeal embraces a complaint against the unfairness of a sentence; but reinstatement in the former position, either a petition for pardon because of one's own mistake, or the allegation of fraud upon the part of the opponent. BOOK IV. Chapter 11. a Sc. doli. & Cf. §§ 192, 205. < Gai. iv. 9; C. 4, 5, 4. & Cf §§ 128, 194, 201. praestat, hoc beneficio aetatis consequuntur minores.-1. 42 eod.' Paul. Cum a te pecuniam peterem eoque nomine iudicium acceptum est, falso mihi persuasisti, tamquam eam pecuniam servo meo aut procuratori solvisses, eoque modo consecutus est, ut consentiente me absolvereris : . . . ex integro agere possum et si obiiciatur exceptio rei iudicatae replicatione iure uti potero.-D. 4, 3, 25.9 § 206. PROCESSUAL PENALTIES. To malicious and rash, as well as in general unfounded proceedings, pecuniary damages and forensic penalties are attached in certain cases for the part subject thereto (poenae temere litigantium). To these belong the following. (1) The cases of so-called 'lis crescens' ('lis infitiando crescit in duplum') in which condemnation for twice the amount falls upon the defendant subject thereto. (2) The sponsio et restipulatio poenalis.' Gai. iv. § 171: Ex quibusdam causis sponsionem facere permittitur, veluti de pecunia certa credita et pecunia constituta; sed certae quidem creditae pecuniae tertiae partis, constitutae vero pecuniae partis dimidiae." (3) Apart from the previous cases, each party can That which is assured to persons of full age by the bringing of an appeal, minors obtain by virtue of favour shown to their age. 2 When I sued you for the money, and the action was accepted in that behalf, you falsely led me to think as though you had paid this money to my slave or procurator, and in this way managed that, with my consent, you were acquitted. . . . I can bring a fresh action, and if the plea of res iudicata be set up against me, I shall have the law on my side in employing the replication (i.e., of fraud). In some cases one is allowed to make a wager, as for example, in an action upon the loan of a sum certain, and for require from the other the 'iusiurandum calumniae' which operates as a moral means of deterring from unjustified proceedings. Ibid. § 172: Quodsi neque sponsionis neque dupli actionis periculum ei cum quo agitur iniungatur, ac ne statim quidem ab initio pluris quam simpli sit actio, permittit praetor iusiurandum exigere non calumniae causa infitias ire' unde quamvis heredes . . . item feminae pupillique eximantur periculo sponsionis, iubet tamen eos iurare.1 Paul. Qui familiae erciscundae et communi dividundo et finium regundorum agunt, et actores sunt et rei: et ideo iurare debent, non calumniae causa litem intendere' et non calumniae causa infitias ire.'-D. 10, 2, 44, 4. (4) The calumniae iudicium concurs with the last-mentioned for the defendant at his option. Gai. iv. § 175: Calumniae iudicium adversus omnes actiones locum habet et est decimae partis (rei; sed) adversus adsertorem tertiae partis est.— § 178 Calumniae iudicio nemo damnatur nisi qui intelligit non recte se agere, sed vexandi adversarii gratia actionem instituit." an agreed amount; but in the case of an ascertained loan the wager is allowed for a third part, in that of an agreed amount it is for a half. 1 But if the risk neither of a wager nor of an action for double the amount is laid upon the defendant, and if the action, to begin with, is not for more than the simple sum demanded, the Praetor allows an oath to be required that he is not denying the claim vexatiously.' Hence, although heirs, . . . and again, women and wards are exempted from the risk of a wager, the Praetor orders them to take the oath. 2 Persons that bring the actions for partition of an inheritance, for division of joint property, and for the settlement of boundaries are both plaintiffs and defendants; and, accordingly, must swear that 'they do not bring the action for a vexatious claim,' and 'that they will not make denial vexatiously.' 3 The action for vexatious litigation is employed in opposi tion to all actions, and is for a tenth part of (the thing; but) BOOK IV. Chapter II. |