the close of 1806, as an agent for establishing correspondents on behalf of a projected Magazine, to be published monthly at Paris, in the English language. The news paper was established with intention to degrade the English nation; but seems to have spread a desire for additional acquaintance with Engfish literature.]-4. The forcible conscription of the youth.-5. The state of religion, and religious opinion.

The observables as to the external conduct of France are, 1. Its duplicity, and finesse.-2. The state of warfare into which it plunges its neighbours.-3. The success of that warfare.. Farther plans of a like nature.-5. The extent of its present power, by means of having subjected Holland, Bavaria, Wirtemberg, Northern Italy, Southern Italy, &c., to its yoke.-6. The enmity of its chief against Britain which hitherto 'refuses to wear that yoke.

GERMANY.

Feb. 14. The Brunswickers presented to their Duke, on a report that he was to exchange his territories for others, a petition most honourable to his character, in which they intreat him not to leave them: they enumerate the advantages the Duke has procured for their country, and profess their pride and happiness in his person and cha

racter.

The changes and vicissitudes of this country, are noticed under FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, &c.

Feb. 25. Marshall Bernadotte's proclamation, whereby Anspach being ceded to France by Prussia, is given to Bavaria.

28. The Prince Royal of Bavaria assumes the title of Archduke; and a number of Princes, Counts, &c. whose territories lie between the rivers Iller, Lech, and Danube, merge into the dominions of Bavaria.

March 15. Bonaparte's brother in law, Prince Murat, appointed Duke of Cleves and Berg, in perpetuity. These countries being ceded to France by the Kings of Prussia and Bararia.

HOLLAND.

Jan. 1. The tax on professions takes place from this day hereafter no person can exercise any traffic, commerce, trade, profession, &c. &c. without having obtained a patent, to be renewed yearly. These patents must pay, according to the extent of the business done by individuals, from 500 florias down to a single florin. The theatres and other establishments of diversion are equally subjected to this tax. Those 'who wear hair powder are taxed, by patent, 5 florins, 5. so. Same day takes place an extraordinary duty on hats, gloves, stockings, pantaloons, waistcoats, breeches, watches, docks, tableclocks, perfumes, preserved

fruits, playing cards, almanacks, newspapers, and all other articles of luxury. The tax is to be paid by the buyer to the seller, over and above the value of the article. May 24. Treaty between France and Holland for the establishment of a King of Holland, signed at Paris.

June 5. The extraordinary ambassadors of Holland, at Paris, were fetched with great state to the throne of Bonaparte, and after three profound reverences, they intreat him to grant, as the supreme chief of the republic, as King of Holland, Prince Louis Napoleon, brother of your Majesty, to whom we deliver, with entire and respectful confidence, the administration of our laws, the defence of our rights, and all the interests of our beloved country-closely united, by he very destiny, to that of your immense and immortal empire."-Graciously granted, of course. "I proclaim Prince Louis, King of Holland. Reign, Prince, over these people." His Imperial Highness, Prince Louis, then advanced to the foot of the throne and made his acknowledgements: "I will go and reign in Holland, since those people desire it, and I am ordered by your Majesty.-United by interest, my people will likewise be united by their sentiments to your Majesty and to France." Bonaparte continues in his brother the office of Connestable of France. Allows Cardinal Fesch (his uncle) to be coadjutor to the Arch-chancellor of the Germanic Empire. Confers the principality of Benevento on Talleyrand: that of Ponte Corvo on Marshal Bernadotte. In his message to the Senate, he says, "in a commercial point of view, Holland being situated at the mouth of the great rivers that water a considerable portion of our territory, it was necessary that we should have a guarantee for the faithful execution of the treaties of commerce we shall conclude with her, in order to reconcile the interest of our manufactures, and of our commerce, with those of that people. Holland is the first political interest of France."

THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.

General dispositions. 1. The constitu tional laws actually in force, especially the constitution of 1805, as the civil, political, and religious laws, the exercise of which is conformable to the regulations of the treaty concluded May 24 of this year, shall be preserved inviolate, with the exception of those only which shall be abolished by the present constitutional laws. 2. The administration of the Dutch colonies is regulated by particu lar laws, and the expenses of the colonies shall be estimated as a part of the revenues of the state. 3. The public debt is guaranteed by the present laws. 4. The Dutch language shall continue to be employed exclusively in

the laws, the publications, ordonnances, judgments, and all public acts, without distinction. 5. There shall be no changes made in the name or the value of the current coin, unless it shall be authorised by a particular law. 6. The ancient colours of the state shall be preserved. 7. The council of state shall be composed of thirteen members. The ministers shall hold their rank, their sitting, and their votes of deliberation, in the said council.—Of religion.-1. The King and the law grant equal protection to all religions which are professed in the state. By their authority every thing necessary for the organization, the protection, and the exercise of every kind of worship is to be confined to the interior of the churches belonging to the different communions. 2. The King shall enjoy the public exercise of his religion in his Palace, and in every other place where he shall reside. Of the King-1. The King shall have, exclusively and without restriction, the complete exercise of the government, and all the power necessary to secure the execution of the laws, and to cause them to be respected. He has the nomination to all the charges and offices, civil and military, which, according to anterior laws, were vested in the Grand Pensionary. He likewise enjoys the pre-eminence and the prerogatives hitherto attached to that dignity. The coin of the state shall bear his name. Justice shall be administered in his name. He has the right of granting a pardon, abolition, or the mitigation of the pains pronounced by judiciary awards; nevertheless, he shall not be authorised to exercise this right, but after having heard the members of the national court in his privy council. 2. Upon the death of the King, the office of guardian to the Minor King shall be vested in the Queen Dowager; and, in case of her death, in that person who shall be nominated for the purpose by the Emperor of the French, &c. &c.

Of the Law.-1. The law is established in Holland by the concurrence of the legislative body, formed of the assembly of their High Mightinesses, and by the King. The legislative corps is composed of 38 members, elected for five years, and nominated as follows: for the department of Holland, 17 members; Guelderland, 4; Brabant, 4; Friesland, 4; Overyssel, 3; Zealand, 2; Groningen, 2; Utrecht, 2; Drenthe, 1. But the number of their High Mightinesses may be augmented by a law, in case of aggrandizement of territory. 2. To complete the number of members authorized by the foregoing article, their High Mightinesses shall present to his Majesty a list of two candidates for each of the vacant places. The King shall make the election out of the candidates proposed. 3. The present Grand Pensionary shall take the title of President of

their High Mightinesses, and exercise his function in this quality during life. The choice of his successor shall take place in the manner determined by the constitution of 1805. 4. The legislative body shall chuse a recorder out of its own body, by a plurality of votes. 5. The legislative corps shall assemble in ordinary twice in the year, viz. from the 15th of April to the 1st of June, and from the 15th of Nov. to the 15th of Jan. On the 15th of Nov. a fifth of the oldest members shall go out from the body. The first members shall go out on the 15th of Nov. 1807. Such members, notwithstanding, may be re-elected. Of judiciary power.-1. The judiciary institutions shall be preserved in the mode they have been established by the constitution of 1805. 2. Relative to the judiciary power, the King shall exercise all the rights and all the authority vested in the Grand Pensionary by virtue of the constitution of 1805. 3. Every thing that relates to the exercise of military criminal justice, shall be separately regulated by an ulterior law."

On Wednesday, June 11, King Louis ar◄ rived from Breda with his wife and children at Rotterdam-about 9 o'clock same evening arrived at the Hague.

20. Gave public audience in high style: a speech was delivered by Mynheer De Vos Van Steenwyck Tot Den Hogenhof. "The assembly of their High Mightinesses, in whose name I speak, are come in a body to offer their obedience to your Maj. and to felicitate, &c." King Louis's answer considers this as the first day of the real independence of the United States."-" However, even monarchy is not sufficient for a country which, though powerful and important, is not sufficiently so for its position, which requires forces of the first rank both by land and sea. It will therefore be necessary for it to form a connection with one of the great powers of Europe, with which its amity may be eternally secured without any alteration of its independence."

Aug. 6. King Louis suppresses certain Dutch newspapers, "for having spoken in a light and unjustifiable manner of governments with which we are at peace." Ordaining that all censure of the acts of different governments shall be punishable.

Oct. 3. King Louis's letter to their High Mightinesses, lamenting "the burdens and grievances of our good people," has assembled his troops in consequence of rumours of war-desires supplies of money-to anticipate the reception of the income" had reckon◄ ed on a momentary aid from our faithful cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, but a concurrence of peculiar circumstances has opposed obstacles to the complete success of

that undertaking "no time to lose, the business is pressing.

The chief points of recollection concerning Holland are, 1. the universality and pressure of the taxes. 2. The inability of the governors to remedy the evils which overwhelm the country. 3. The erection of this republic into a kingdom, and the King of it, Louis Bonaparte; with the new constitution, of course. 4. The Dutch army, with the anticipation of the revenue necessary to equip it. 5. The silence of the Dutch navv. 6. The failure of a loan to Louis, in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

ITALY.

Dec. 27, 1805. Bonaparte gives notice of his intention to destroy the Kingdom of Naples -"the Neapolitan dynasty has ceased to reign."

Jan. 12. Bonaparte informs the French senate that he has appointed Prince Eugene (Beauharnois) Viceroy of Italy, whom he has adopted as his son, and gives him an eventual right to the crown of Italy.

Sept. 17. Rome. An edict against assisting the rebels of adjoining countries; political disputes, and political discussions. The congregation of general police is authorised to proceed without the ordinary formalities of justice, and from the simple notoriety of the fact, against every person without dis

tinction.

Observe, 1. In the north of Italy, the establishment of the son of Bonaparte's wife by a former husband. 2. The expulsion of the King of the two Sicilies from Naples; his Majesty takes refuge in Sicily, under the protection of British troops. 3. The placing of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples, which is but an uneasy station without the possession of Sicily also. (Vide Panorama, p. 918.) 4. The nullity of the Roman power civil and ecclesiastical.

PRUSSIA.

Jan. 27. Issues a proclamation professing to occupy Hanover and its dependencies, by Prussian troops, "till the conclusion of a general peace." Feb. 28. The King of Prussia transfers his Sovereignty over the little state of Neufchatel, to France.

March 28. Proclamation by the Prussian Governor of Hanover, Count Schullenburgh, for shutting the ports of the North Sea, against the British trade (dated Hanover) in the same manner as when the French troops occupied the states of Hanover"-" to prevent the introduction and transit of British goods."

April 1. King of Prussia's proclamation for taking definitive possession of Hanover.VOL. I. Sup. Lit. Pun.

"we have signed a convention with his Majesty of France, in conformity to which the legal possession of the states of the Electoral House of Brunswick Luneburg, belonging by right of conquest to his Imperial Majesty of France, is granted to us, in exchange for the cession of three of our provinces, and in virtue of farther solemn guarantees on each side"-these countries,

from this time forth are to be considered as in our possession, and subject to our power alone."-Magistrates, &c. to continue their functions in our name.

June 24. Declaration of King of Prussia in council to Hanoverian Deputies, that some things which they complained of as contrary to former public securities were only intended pro tempore-that his intention was only to introduce such changes, as may be necessary to unite as intimately as possible the Hanoverian territory with my monarchy, of which it now constitutes a part."

Sept. 12. Proclamation by the Prussian Administration of Eichfeld and Erfurt, announcing his Prussian Majesty's intention not to consent to cede or exchange any of his provinces whatsoever, " as authorised by his Royal Majesty."

Oct. 9. Proclamation of the King of Prussia to his army, dated head-quarters, Erfurt "We have to cope with an enemy who has defeated, around us, the most numerous arImies; who has humbled the most powerful states; who has destroyed the most venerable constitutions; who has deprived more than one nation of its independence and its name; a similar fate was intended for the Prussian monarch-that monarchy too was doomed soon to disappear, to be subjected to a foreign master, and arrogance and rapaci ty already anticipated the partition of the North of Germany. We fight then for independence, for our altars, for our home, nay, for every thing that is dear to us.". "We are also the saviours and deliverers of our German brethren."-"Great, energetic, and decisive, must be our exertions." The points for recollection in the conduct of Prussia are 1. her concupiscence in wishing to obtain territories belonging to others, and receiving them as a bribe, from Bonaparte. 2. Her want of foresight that her own turn for being spoiled was only postponed, not forgotten. 3. Her rashness in attempting to maintain herself, single handed, against France, without, at least, attempting to derive assistance from those powers which she had rendered iniinical by delusion, who yet, might have been induced, upon proper representation, to assist her. She had of fended England by her conduct as to Hanover, &e: Russia, by her tergiversation af

C

ter having signed the treaty of Potzdam, in which she agreed to make common cause with that power and Austria against France. 4. Her improvidence in suffering her fortified places to be unprovisioned, and risking her existence on a single army: that being dispersed, all his lost. 5. The refusal of the King to sign an armistice on degrading terms; and his reliance on Russia, for protection.

RUSSIA

Appears to have come forward willingly to the assistance of her allies, previous to the battle of Austerlitz, in which her troops were engaged, but the main body of her contingent was not arrived. After the Emperor of Austria had made the peace of Presburg, Russia withdrew her troops; but shewed her foresight of the plan of Bonaparte, by occupying Cattaro, which checks the proceedings of France against the Ottoman empire, to the great vexation of the French chief. Since the disasters of Prussia, Russia has, for self-protection, stepped forward to oppose the French; hitherto her generals have acted cautiously and wisely, what further they may have effected is not yet known to us.

Russia maintains her relations with Britain: the signing of a peace with France by d'Oubril in July, has been disavowed. The probability is, that part of the Russian statesmen wish for peace, but that other part fear it would prove temporary aud delusive, the insidious character of the enemy being so notorious as it is.

SPAIN

Has been enfeebled by repeated losses, and fears being worse. Scarcely an article of intelligence of any importance during the whole year 1806. For the loss of its colony of Buenos Ayres, vide BRITAIN and PANORAMA, p. 187.

SWEDEN.

Jan. 13. The King of Sweden presents a note, in which he declares it beneath his dignity to take further in the deliberations part any of the diet at Ratisbon.

April 22. Circular dispatch addressed to the ministers of his Swedish Majesty at Foreign Courts, dated Head Quarters, Griefswald. The King insists on his right to protect Lauenburgh as part of the Electorate of Hanover, against Prussia, and expresses his determination so to do. " Wherever the Swedish forces are, they cannot be attacked without the King considering such attack as a declaration of war, and in that light he will view it." "The Swedish corps under Count de Lowenhielm will never retire un less compelled by force of arms."

24. The Prussians, after a skirmish with the small body of Swedish troops, enter Lauenburgh. In consequence, Sweden blockades the ports of Prussia,

June 21. Proclamation of the King of Sweden dissolving the then Constitution of the States of Pomerania. The general constitution of Sweden is afterwards established. June 26. The King relates that he had found difficulties and delays impede all his intentions that the population and industry of these states did not equal those of other provinces-ordains the Swedish constitution; but promises that Pomerania shall not be subject to the debts of Sweden, or the imposts related to it.

TURKEY.

The progress of the Wechabis has extended even to the holy city of Medina, which has surrendered to them by capitulation. The first action of the conquerors was to destroy the tomb of the founder of the Mahometan religion. Mecca is threatened with the same fate. We are taking active measures to preserve it. Constantinople.

The general state of Turkey, may be gathered from PANORAMA, p. 920. The Turkish councils have been repeatedly influenced by French politics; and then have vibrated back again to Russian influence, during the course of the year. Some of its grandees in the French interest have been strangled, which has given an antigallican turn to the opinion of the Divan. This is likely to be further confirmed by the presence of an English fleet of seven sail of the line cruizing in the Black Sea, or in the neighbourhood of Constantinople, the supplies of which city are almost wholly furnished by water.

BRITISH FINANCES. Feb. 5. Mr. Hase, from the governor and company of the Bank of England, presented an account from the Bank of England, of the receipt and expenditure of £7,615,167. 78. 6d. in one year, from 3d February 1805, to 31st January 1806, by the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt; and of the receipt of £1,906,104. 17s. 14d. to be applied in the quarter between Feb. 1 and May 1, 1806. March 7. In the H. of Commons the Secretary at War moved, that 134,473 effective men be granted for the service of his Majesty-from March 25 to May 24 inclusive. On the 28th March the House went into a Committee of Ways and Means.

Lord Henry Petty stated the supplies it would be proper to vote for the current year, and the ways and means to meet those supplies. The amount of the funded debt on the 1st of Feb. 1805, was £493,127,000, the

annual charge upon which was £18,000,000. The amount of debt redeemed up to that day was £111,797,000, the annual charge upon which was £6,834,000, making together of debt, redeemed and unredeemed, £003,924,000, and an annual charge of £24,904,000. In the course of the year 1805, there was made an addition of £34,400,000, creating an annual charge of £1,392,000, besides £2,420,000, for the discharge of the loyalty loan, at an annual charge of £53,000, making a total for that year of debt £36,827,000, and of annual charge £1,445,000. Against this was to be put a diminution of £531,000 of debt, and £16,000 of annual charge by the redemption of the laud-tax, and by the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt a diminution of debt of £12,148,000.; making a total diminution of debt to the amount of £12,679,000 and a diminution of annual charge to the amount of £386,000. This presented, at the commencement of the present year, an amount of funded debt of £517,280,000. The amount of debt redeemed was £123,476,000.

On the 5th Jan. 1805, there were outstanding exchequer bills to the amount of £25,253,500 of which were provided for £12,388,400.; · leaving unprovided for £12,865,100; navy debt £5,100,000 treasury bills £692,599.; barracks £1,567,000 ordnance expenses and arrears of civil list; making a total of £20,305,686. On the 5th Jan. 1806, the outstanding exchequer bills were £27,180,400. Of which, in anticipation of aids £12,180,400, leaving unprovided for £15,000,000.; navy debt £9,570,000.; treasury bills £530,751.; with charges for barracks, army debt, ordnance charges, and civil list arrears, making a total of £23,168,747. Thus there was an addition to the unfunded debt of £2,863,161.-He came now to the Ways and Means to meet this amount of debt, which he had thought it necessary to state thus fully and fairly, in order that the public miglit be completely aware of its situation, and that it might be prepared to make the necessary exertions. The first of these was the Consolidated Fund, consisting of permanent taxes to the amount of £33,935,501; from which was to be deducted for arrears of assessed taxes, £110,000, leaving a balance of £32,935,501. The charges on the consolidated fund were the charges of the public debt, amounting to £23,102,733; for paying off the five per Cents, £4,757,518; making, with civil list arrears of £958,000, pensions £284,866, miscellaneous services £2,170,000, interest of the imperial loan £497,473, and other lesser items, a total of £30,188,000; from which after deducting £430,000 for the purchase of the legal quays, there remained £29,758,000.

chargeable on the consolidated fund: so that on the consolidated fund there was an excess of charge of £3,177,500 beyond the preceding year. This state of the consolidated fund he wished gentlemen to bear in mind, as it was to the consolidated fund that we were to look for the payment of the interest of the public debt.-But he wished them also to attend particularly to the state of the Sinking Fund, as it was to that we were to look for the extinction of the debt. In the year ending Feb. 1, 1803, the interest redeemned by means of this fund was £5,835,000.; the unredeemed debt was at that pericd £480,572,000. Thus the proportion of the sinking fund to the unredeemed debt was as there had been redeemed £7,566,539; the 1 to 82. In the year ending Feb. 1, 1806, unredeemed debt was then £517,280,500; making the proportion of the redeemed to the unredeemed as 1 to 68. navy expenditure, £14,377,513. Total of Total of the the army, £4,490,853. With several other charges, £17,183,696. Ordnance, amounting in the whole to £43,690,418.

SUPPLY

18,500,000

£3,911,000 807,000

4,718,000

1,500,000

670,000

2,170,000

1,000,000

340,000

1,707,000

1,000,000