must be in the wet months of January or February; an inclement season when genteel company cannot bear such exposure as is necessary to see it. In dry seasons it has more the appearance of an immensely large giant's staircase, than a fine water-fall. Its removal would be no disadvantage. The fountains round the border of a bason which perhaps may be used by gold or silver fish, may be continued for the diversion of very young persons, till the pipes become in want of repair; and then the lead may be applied to a more useful purpose. The river has been so much improved by art as to make it a very fine object, and that with the extensive plantations, the park upon a dry soil of decomposed lime-stone, and the deer for which this place is peculiarly fit, made on us an agreeable impression.

On taking leave of Chatsworth, we desire to express our personal thanks to the Duke of Devonshire, for the very great improvements lately made in the roads which communicate with Matlock and Buxton, through the mountainous parts of Derbyshire.

We proceeded to Matlock, and unluckily, by controlling our post-boy, we stopped at the first inn (instead of the second), which presents a long front, but is ill conducted, and we were badly accommodated. Matlock is much im proved since we were there ten years ago. The mining has been continued to much extent, and many new houses have been built. Matlock dale is picturesque in a very high degree for a mile or two on each side of the wells. We ascended one of the heights, and found the apertures to many pitts left open, to the great danger of men and cattle. One or two of the deserted mines are now denominated caves, and shewn for money. The museum of Messrs. Brown and Maw is very much improved; it makes a grand display of minerals and exceeds every other thing of the kind. We were so fortunate as to meet with Mr. Maw, at Matlock, and felt ourselves both amused and instructed by him. We walked through the grounds of Mr. Arkwright, past his new chapel to a coal and stone wharf at the end of a canal; where is a large deposit of coal, as well as many grind ing stones and some gypsum, together with large slates and plain tiles of improved colour and shape. The undulated surface with rocks, woods and water makes Mr. Arkwright's residence very beautiful.

To Derby, seventeen miles along a level road, though in a mountainous county, nearly following the course of the river Derwent. The road has lately been cut through an extraordinary wall of natural rock near Mr. Arkwright's residence, and conducted along the skirts of high hills near the river. The rocks have been cut down on the higher side, and walled upon the lower side, till a safe and spacious road has been obtained, and opened for the use of the public. This has been finished within the last two years, and it is said to be one of several good roads which the Duke of Devonshire has provided both money and land for the making.

At Derby,we put up at the George Inn, which is the best of its kind, and kept by a widow, with the meritorious intention of supporting a large family. We viewed the porcelain manufactory, and were much gratified to see it in a flourishing state; by which it provides employment for three or four times as many persons as it did a few years ago. The statuary manufactory of Mr. Brown is in a similar state of improvement. The silk-mills of Messrs. Sturt are continued, but they were not at work when we were there, owing to a want of water. We understood the cotton-mills were at work; and, on the whole, Derby seems to be thriving, as new houses are erect→ ing with surplus wealth.

We then travelled towards Leicester, but stopped at Mount Sorrel, to examine the granite quarries; where twenty or thirty men are employed in boring, blasting and raising stone, which they square for paving streets, and sell the chips for repairing roads. We found the turnpike-road, for twenty-five miles in length in perfectly good repair, by the use of this broken granite, hard, and without any loose stones, a little shaky, but excellent. Mr. Jackson and Mr. Peet of Mount Sorrel contract for raising and selling these stones. This granite is generally of a pale pink colour, but some of it is grey; and it is admitted that the harder stones lie at greater depths in the quarry. Either of these granites would make the grounds of elegant chimney pieces, which might be finished with statuary mouldings; as may be seen of the pink, at Castleton, and of the grey at Mr. Wilson's, of Stockwell. The chrystals in the granite of this mount are of a smaller size, and perhaps more durable than the Aberdeen or any large-grained variety. The high freight of stone by

the

the canals prohibit the conveyance of it from Mount Sorrel to London; if that was so much lowered as to be nearly removed from only the chips of this stone, they might be used with the best effect upon the roads near London, to the extent of forty or fifty thousand tons annually.

The King's Head Inn, at Loughborough is well conducted by Mr. Fowler. The Bell, at Leicester, is without fault.

The Three Swans, at Market Harborough, is well conducted, and so is the Angel, at Northampton; but we happened to drive to the Saracen's Head, at Newport Pagnell, and experienced a great falling off.

The George, at Wooburn, is of first rate excellence; at this house genteel persons may occasionally take up their quarters, and have the great pleasure of driving, riding and walking in the Duke of Bedford's beautiful park.

Wednesday, 1st Sept.-We passed along a valley between high grounds of chalk; covered by a vegetable mould of dry turnip and barley land as all such soils are. The Dunstable end is rather narrow, but towards St. Albans, it is spread into a valley of considerable width. All in a state of enclosures.

Intending to close our local observations at this place, we shall now add briefly some things of a more general nature, viz.:

As all agricultural crops ought to be entirely without any other than cultivated plants, so no weeds should be suffered to perfect their seed; on the contrary, they should be either cut down, hoed out, or drawn up by the roots, and the soil left to expend itself in the support of cultivated crops. This is one of the means which the most sagacious men resort to in order to obtain crops of the greatest bulk and grain of the best quality; by which the whole is rendered agreeable to the view as well as in the reflections which it occasions.

Barley seemed to us to be later by a week or ten days on the English side of the boundary, than it was in Scotland; and the Scotch crops of this grain appeared larger than those in England. Whether the difference may be occasioned by barley of four rows of grain in the ears, and its being sown in autumn in Scotland, contrary to the method in England of sowing the more tender sort with two rows of grain in each ear in the spring, we did not give

ourselves the trouble to examine; though we suppose that to be the case. Wheat is much more generally cultivated in England, and the crops of it are larger than they are in Scotland. Oats are nearly equal in the two kingdoms; but rag-wort, and knot-grass (two pernicious weeds) are far more prevalent among oats in Scotland than they are in England. The ley lands in Scotland abound with rag-wort, docks, thistles, and knot-grass.

From this comparative statement of the agriculture of the two kingdoms, and from what is said in other places in this narrative, it appears that the Scotch excel in the cultivation of barley; they equal the English in the management of turnips and potatoes; and that England is superior in all the other points of good husbandry.

Every agriculturist of any eminence between London and Yorkshire cultivates turnips in such rows as have long been denominated the Northumberland method; and these roots are, with the exception of a sloven here and there, grown in that manner in all places in both England and Scotland on the north side of the town of Doncaster. We found all such men as excel in the cultivation of turnips do the same by potatoes; that we expected, as the operations are similar.

We are sorry there are not many exceptions to the well deserved censure, which we are about to pronounce, on a very large proportion of the agriculturists of these kingdoms, viz.: At any greater distance than a post-stage or two northward from London, the occupiers of the soil know very little of the most perfect methods of cultivating and harvesting, as well as making the most money of any other crops than potatoes and turnips. Even hay is included in this censure.

In September, 1819, when we approached within one post-stage of London, we found excellent crops of potatoes and turnips (not mixed) upon land which in the early part of that summer had yielded a full crop of either autumnsown tares, rye, cole, or cabbages, or spring sown white peas. The potatoes were planted after one or other of the foregoing crops during the last three weeks in June, and they were dug up by tridents (three-tined forks) not by the spade, nor by the plough, about the middle of November; consequently, they had occupied the ground about a week less than five months. Their

produce

been extended to his grounds also; or at least, that in such a time of need, he had not been entirely overlooked.Cases of other kinds are sufficiently numerous, and in point. Contemplate the one alluded to by the Enquirer, of unlooked for, and astonishing prosperous fortune: how often is not ultimate injury, and utter ruin, to the individuals themselves, the result of incidents of this sort? which could surely, never happen, had the original benefit been really induced by the Divine interference. Again, the signal and almost incredible success of individual undertakings, oftentimes terminate in the misery and destruction of multitudes. Witness the conquest of Mexico.-Who ever read the life of Cortes; of the unprincipled, the treacherous, the cruel, the sanguinary Cortes, but with the utmost abhorrence, however his presence of mind and matchless intrepidity may have been admired.— Admit the numerous hair-breadth escapes he experienced to have been the result of Divine interferences, and what other can it lead to, than the monstrous conclusion, that a particular providence is occasionally exerted for evil, or even malignant purposes?Before we quit this branch of the subject, one general remark of importance may be made that in all the instances here adduced, or that hitherto have been adduced in favour of a particular providence, not one of them militates in the slightest degree against a general providence. To doubt the correctness of the popular application of a doctrine, is not to deny the doctrine itself; but surely, when we contemplate the inconclusiveness and inconsistency of such an interpretation, it is expedient to resort to some more stable and permanent basis for its support. I shall therefore do so; first of all, venturing a conjecture, as to the cause of so extraordinary a misconception on a subject of such importance, and its perpetuation for so many ages. The term particular, as applied to the acts of providence, has necessarily no reference to the cases of individuals; but might mean only, that the divine interference with the established plan and order first adopted at the creation, would be of rare occurrence, and such is it literally found to be. In the earlier ages of the world, when as yet no correct notions had been entertained, or even formed, of the system of the universe, and of the uniformity now observed in the operation

of general laws, the attention of mankind would be excited to the highest pitch on the occasion of every remarkable coincidence, whether of prosperous fortune or of escape from peril; and unable otherwise to account for it, they would naturally consider themselves, individually, the objects of particular regard, and special protection. That at such a time this should have been the case, is by no means wonderful: now, in fact, that such a feeling should have been perpetuated to after ages, and even be not obliterated, in our more enlightened day; when we reflect, that to the present hour, our additional experience has obtained for us nothing beyond the knowledge of a concatenation of effects, a knowledge and observation of the uniform operation of general laws; which before, if not absolutely unknown, was at least totally unheeded in those more rude and uncultivated ages:-A knowledge, however, if attentively considered, that will convince us, the events, popularly called acts of a particular providence, and attributed to such interference, may be satisfactorily explained upon natural principles.

To constitute such an act, it becomes indispensably necessary to prove, that the effects produced were utterly unattainable by ordinary means, and incapable of resulting from natural causes: in a word, without the intervention of miraculous agency, or actual interpositions, by which is meant Divine interference; it could never have been brought to pass. With these views, it is manifest, consistently with the belief of a general providence, such interpositions must be both of rare occurrence, and exerted only for great and leading purposes.

"Nec Deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice
nodus
Inciderit

and cannot, according to the popular notion, be found correctives to some supposed defects in the ordinary administration of a general providence. They are introduced solely on their own account, nearing us as it were in our approach to, and inspiring us with the greater confidence in, our Almighty Creator and Preserver.-Whereas, had we been under the guidance of a general providence only, and all communication with our Maker entirely cut off, we might have both hoped and feared, but, unable to see, we never could have known God. One potent objection to

the

the popular system, the so frequent recurrence of Divine interferences, is thus entirely removed; and we continue to repose with the utmost confidence on the constancy hitherto observed in the fixed results of natural causes. Were it indeed otherwise, and according to the popular notion, that the uniform operation of general laws was altered or superseded, to suit the circumstances of individuals, on almost every emergency, the practical consequence would be, to sap the very foundation of all knowledge and experience, and at the same time to operate as a paralysis on all human exertions.-Would the farmer continue to cultivate his land, and sow his grain, if there were any uncertainty as to the advantage to be derived from it ?-No.-His own reiterated experience, however, confirmed by that of others, having convinced him, that although in subsequently ungenial seasons he may sometimes have failed, yet, that had he neglected to do so altogether, he could never have succeeded; he goes on.

The distinguishing marks by which to ascertain the real acts of a particular providence, from imaginary ones, are the following:

1. The effects produced must be in no sense of the word of a nature so equivocal as to leave us in doubt whether they had been accomplished in the ordinary course of the dispensations of a general providence or not.

2. They must be accomplishable only through the intervention of miraculous agency, or Divine interference.

3. They can in no case have relation to individual advantage alone, without an ulterior benefit of primary importance in reserve, eminently productive of the general good.

There is one act of a particular providence of a most unequivocal nature, of more importance to us than any other, and in the consideration of which I trust our time will not be lost in offering a few additional reflections. -I mean Revelation, and more especially the Christian Revelation. Hackney.

SAM. SPURRELL.

elastic medium in which the bodies are situated, which effect is perfected, in the Torricellian vacuum. In the latter water rises by the pressure of the elastic atmosphere 33 feet, but in the former only some fractions of an inch. In the attraction of cohesion, the pressure is intercepted by the solid on one side only of the fluid, and towards that side therefore, the unintercepted pressure from the other side, raises the fluid.

The incumbent air presses every atom of the surface of the fluid, except those in immediate contact with the immersed solid, where on the side close to the solid, there is little or no pressure. Of course, then, these last atoms are forced against the sides of the immersed solid, and the phenomenon of ascension appears, one film raising another, till the weight of the raised films equals the force by which the lowest film is pressed against the side.

If the interception of the solid take place on two sides, as in the fluid lying between two plates brought near to each other, then the pressure of the elastic atmosphere acts through the open sides or ends only, raising the fluid between the plates, and of course it is highest in the middle, where the angular interception is greatest.

If the ends are closed, as in the case of a tube, then the ascent or pressure is intercepted on all sides except the middle; and the fluid rises till the angle of the downward pressure becomes great enough to counterbalance it. If the top of the tube is closed, then no ascent takes place, because the elasticity within the tube counterbalances that on the surface of the fluid, and if not so closed, the fluid rises to a less height, in short, than long tubes, because the angular pressure from the top is as the length of the tube, and of course also the angle depresses the fluid in the middle. When a fluid denser than glass is used, the phenomena are of course reversed.

Such are the effects in ordinary circumstances, either in experiments in the open air, or in the processes of vegetation. But it may be presumed, that peculiar circumstances of interception, and greater powers of elastic media, generated in local situations, become the sufficient causes of many of the phenomena of chemistry, which have weakly and superstitiously been ascribed to a miraculous principle of innate cohesive attraction.

Objections may be started to the principle