SWEDEN.

The Universities of Sweden are in a very flourishing state. In the first quarter of last year the number of students at Upsal amounted to 1,197, and those of Lund to 600. The whole of the establishments of the kingdom professing to communicate classical education, contained 3,485 scholars. These establish ments cost the state annually about 60,000l.

GERMANY.

The rich collection of M. GIESEKE is at length transferred to the Emperor's Museum at Vienna. In 1813, M. de Schreibers, Director of the Cabinet of Natural History in that city, prevailed on Profersor Gieseke to collect all the remarkable objects brought away in his different voyages to Greenland, Iceland, Denmark, Scotland, and Ireland, for the sake of having them removed to Vienna. He fixed on Copenhagen as the point from which the transportation might most easily be made, through Hamburgh, Leipsig, and Ratisbon. They have ac cordingly been expedited, and an exhibition of them since made in a hall of the Imperial Chateau. They consist of, 1. An ethnographical collection of a hun dred and seventy-five articles of costume, arms, furniture, utensils, &c. both origi. nal and in models. This collection is an appendage to another of a similar description, already made from among the natives of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. 2. A collection of skulls, and other parts of animals of the North Seas, which, from their enormous size or particular structure, cannot be preserved en. tire in cabinets,-the narval, whales, dol phins, seals, &c. 3. A collection of peltry; and also of the skins of seals, arctic foxes, and birds. 4. Some parts of animals preserved in spirits of wine; a number of shells and molluscæ; more than two hundred species of dried plants, &c.

5. A considerable proportion of minerals, under the respective divisions of north and south Greenland, Iceland, England, Scotland, and Ireland. The aggregate of all these collections forms a series of 832 pieces, the mean value of which may be estimated at six or seven thousand florins.

FRANCE.

A memorial of some interest has been presented to the French Chamber of Deputies, on the subject of wrought-iron bridges, by M. POYETT, architect to the Minister of the Interior and to the Chamber, and a member of the Institute. "I propose," says he, "to substitute for

stone bridges, (the enormous expense of which renders the construction of an adequate number impracticable,) bridges of wrought-iron, which are as strong as stone bridges, and may be built at onefifth of the expense. If, instead of constructing these iron bridges on stone piles, wood were substituted for the stone, the expense would be diminished one-half; and thus we might have ten wooden bridges for one of stone. The principal. advantages of the bridges are: 1. Great strength; each arch bearing the weight of a million of kilogrammes, (984 tons, 7 cwt.), without the necessity of constructing abutments for the support of the last arch. 2. The piles may be raised at the distance of thirty or forty metres, (98 to 130 feet,) from each other, which must of course diminish expense, and facilitate navigation. 3. The bridge may be constructed with great expedition, because the iron is wrought in the usual way, and only a slight scaffold is requisite. for raising it. 4. It may be repaired without obstructing the foot-path or carriage-way. 5. It may be raised or lowered at pleasure, leaving only the piles standing, which must prove a vast advantage on frontier rivers in time of war. 6. A portion of the bridge may be raised between two piles, sufficient for the passage of ships."

Of

A report has lately been made to the Society of Education at Paris by M. JOMARD, from which it appears, that the number of schools already established for boys is 41, and for girls, 22. These schools are capable of affording accommodation to about 6,600 scholars. The whole number of schools in France is said to be upwards of 1,000; of which 360 are included in M. Jomard's report. these 45 are instituted for girls; and the whole of them might instruct 40,600 scholars, or about 115 per school. On July 1, 1818, there were under instruction 19,175 children. There is also another description of schools, established by "the Brethren of the Christian Faith." These, in the course of three years, have increased from 60 to 142; and, in the year 1818, they had 25,000 pupils.

Portable reservoirs of hot-water for sale have been contrived and brought into use at Paris. The inventor, M.. VALETTE, has reduced the consumption of fuel to the least possible quantity required to produce a certain effect. He kindles a fire in a stove, surrounded by a great mass of water, and, by dexterous management, raises this mass to 90° of heat in a few minutes, and at trifling.

expense,

expense. This machine being placed on wheels, the proprietor loses no time; his water heating as he travels, is soon in a state of ebullition. He offers to contract on the lowest terms with all persons wanting hot water, whether for scrubbing houses, washing of linen, boil ing, brewing, or personal cleanliness. As personal bathing is much practised at Paris, M. Valette carries with him what he calls a bagnoire, made of varnished leather, supported by slight iron bars. The patent has been extended to England, and promises great utility.

ITALY.

The search of the Tiber has commenced at Rome, but it is said with but little Success. The excavations at Pompeia are carried on very successfully; and several new edifices are said to have been discovered in the street which leads to the Temple of Isis, to that of Hercules, and to the Theatre. Some surgical in struments of good workmanship are said to have been found.

There has recently been discovered in the Ambrosian Library at Milan a manuscript copy of the Iliad of Homer of the fourth century, with sixty pictures, equally ancient, The characters are square capitals, according to the usage of the best ages, without distinction of words, without accents or the aspirates; that is to say, without any sign of the modern Greek orthography. The pic. tures are upon vellum, and represent the principal circumstances mentioned in the Iliad. M. ANGELO MAIO, professor at the Ambrosian College, has caused the manuscript to be printed in one volume, with the engravings from the pictures, and the numerous scholia attached to the manuscript. These new scholia fill more than thirty-six pages in large folio; they are all of a very ancient period, and the greater part of them are by authors anterior to the Christian era and to the school of Alexandria. The authors quoted are one hundred and forty in number, whose writings have been lost, or are entirely unknown. The manuscript, however, does not contain the Ilrad entire, but only the fragments which relate to the pictures.

VENICE.

ANDRE MUSTORIDI, well known as a respectable historiographer, and especially by the publication of the fragments of several Greek unpublished authors, has fixed his residence in Venice. He had been some time at Vienna to consult the rich cabinet of medals in that capital, previous to the completion of the

third volume of his great work, entitled Illustrazioni Corcyrese, the first volume of which was published in 1811, at Milan, and was followed by a second in 1817. The third volume is appropriated to the monies of Corcyra, at present Corfu, the birth-place of the author. He had been appointed by the public authorities of his country Historiographer of the Ionian Isles.

UNITED STATES.

We are under obligations, (-ays Dr. SILLIMAN,) to Mr. Pelatiah Perit, of New York, for a collection of specimens of siliceous petrifactions of wood from Antigua. Their characters are indubtable: the distinct ligneous layers corresponding with the annual growth, the me dullary prolongations, the knots formed by branches, the cracks, and the bark, are all distinctly visible. Some of the pieces are ponderous portions of large trees. As to the mineralizing matter, it is evidently siliceous, and the specimens are principally the holzstein of Werner: crystals of quartz are apparent in the cavities; some parts are agatized, and veins of chalcedony occasionally pervade the fissures. They are not impressible by steel, and give fire with it. According to the information of Mr. Perit, they are scattered over the surface of the island of Antigua, with a profusion hardly less than that which Hornemann observed of the same mineral, during his travels over the eastern part of the great African desert.

In North America, the peach-tree, in different latitudes, flowers as follows Lat. Peach-tree in bloss.

Places.

Fort Claiborne,

Alba. Ter. $1° 50' March 4 Charleston, S. C. 32 44 Richmond, Vir. 37 40...... Lexington, Ky. 38 Philadelphia, P. 39 56 ...... Baltimore, Md. 39 21 New York, N.Y. 40 42 Boston, Mass. Albany, N. Y Brunswick, Me. 43 53 ...... 16 Montreal, Can. 45 35

...... 21

42 23 May 9 43 39...... 12

12

20

Thirty-five steam-boats are now in operation on the river Mississippi and its tributary streams, from 40 to 400 cons,

In the Choctaw country, 130 miles north-east of Natchez, a part of the public road is rendered remarkable by the periodical return of a poisonous and destructive fly which destroys horses. It always appears when the cold weather commences, in December, and as invariably disappears on the approach of warm weather, about the first of April

in the sweating process brought on by

the oil.

In the winter of 1816, it was stated that from thirty to forty travelling horses were destroyed. Its colour is a dark-brown; it has an elongated head, with a small and sharp proboscis, and is in size between the gnat and musquito. When it alights upon a horse, it darts through the hair much like a gnat, and never quits its hold until removed by force. When a horse stops to drink, swarms fly about the head, and crowd into the mouth, nostrils, and ears; hence it is supposed the poison is communicated inwardly. Whether this be true or not, the most fatal consequences result.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Three dreadful earthquakes took place at Copiapo on the 3d, 4th, and 11th of April. The whole city is said to have been destroyed by these awful visitations. More than three thousand persons were traversing the neighbouring plains, flying from the desolation which had been produced. It appears, according to all the accounts, that the inhabitants had time to save their lives, but only their lives.

WEST INDIES.

Sugar-cane plants to the number of several thousand, and of the species called Otaheite, have been lately transported from Cayenne to Guadaloupe, and distributed among the planters of Basse Terre and Point-a-pitre.

The plant ratanhia, discovered some years ago in Peru, is considered, the more it is known, as an excellent tonic and corroborant. Both the root and the extract have been used very successfully by the physicians.

AFRICA.

M. GRABERG writes from Tangiers, June 1, 1819, that, by drinking from four to eight ounces of olive-oil, a great number of patients had been saved from death by the plague. The remedy acts generally as a sudorific; an abundant sweat breaks out all over the body, and the virus seems to issue with it,and to lose its power. It sometimes proves vomitive or pur gative; but the sweating is most salutary. The consul states a remarkable circumstance that happened at Tangiers. It is affirmed, that negroes who take the plague never escape with life. But two negroes, he says, who, on the access of the disorder, took a strong dose of this oil, recovered from the effects of the contagion. To render this remedy more efficacious, some use it as frictions or bathings externally also; and some drink a decoction of alder; but the curative power is

The enterprising traveller, Mr. RITCHIE, who proceeded, some time since, with an expedition from Tripoli, for the purpose of exploring the interior of Africa, writes as follows." As one of my friends desired me to give him, in writing, an account of what I knew touching the petrified city, situated seventeen days journey from Tripoli by caravan to the south-east, and two days journey south from Ouguela, I told him what I had heard from different persons, and particularly from the mouth of one man of credit, who had been on the spot; that is to say, That it was a spacious city, of a round form, having great and small streets therein, furnished with shops, with a large castle magnificently built. That he had seen there several sorts of trees, the most part olives and palms, all of stone, and of a blue, or rather lead, colour. That he saw also figures of men, in postures of exercising their different employments; some holding in their hands staffs, others bread; every one doing something; even women suckling their children: all of stone. That he went into the castle by three different gates, though there were many more; that there were guards at these gates, with pikes and javelins in their hands. In short, that he saw in this wonderful

city many sorts of animals, as camels,

oxen, horses, asses, and sheep, and various birds, all of stone, and of the colour

above-mentioned."

Don BADIA, a Spanish general, whose daughter was married to the late Delisle de Salis, and who is better known in Europe by the name of Aly-Bey, is now at Tripoli, whence he purposes to set out on a new expedition into the interior of Africa, through the desert of Sahara.

M. MOLLIEN, not twenty-two years of age, has penetrated into all the countries watered by the Gambia and Rio Grande. He traced the sources of those rivers, and entered the country of the southern Foulahs, proceeding as far as Teembou, the capital, situated, according to Major Rennel, on the Rio Grande, in the tenth degree of longitude and the same of latitude. Afterwards, turning north, he discovered what he conceives to be the true sources of the Senegal, more to the south than by the common reckoning. His guides refusing to go further, through nations at war with each other, he again descended the Rio Grande, and returned by the isles Bisagos to Senegal. BRITISH

MAP. VIII. For the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels – Dec. 30.

I. From and after the passing of this Act, in every case in which any verdict or judgment by default shall be had against any person for composing, printing, or publishing, any blasphemous libel, or any seditious libel, tending to bring into hatred or contempt the person of his Majes. ty, his heirs or successors, or the Regent, or the government and constitution of the United Kingdom, as by law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite his Majesty's subjects to attempt the alte fation of any matter in church or state, as by law established, otherwise than by lawful means, it shall be lawful for the judge, or the court before whom or in which such verdict shall have been given, or the court in which such judgment by default shall be had, to make an order for the seizure and carrying away and detaining in safe custody, in such manner as shall be directed in such order, all copies of the libel which shall be in the possession of the person against whom such verdict or judgment shall have been had, or in the possession of any other person named in the order for his use; evidence upon oath having been previously given to the satisfaction of such court or judge, that a copy or copies of the said libel is or are in the possession of such other person for the use of the person against whom such verdict or judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such case it shall be lawful for any justice of the peace, or for any constable or other peace-officer acting under any such order, or for any person or persons acting with or in aid of any such justice of the peace, constable, or other peace-officer, to search for any copies of such libel in any house, building, or other place whatsoever belonging to the person against whom any such verdict or judgment shall have been had, or to any other person so named, in whose possession any copies of any such libel, belonging to the person against whom any such verdict or judgment shall have been had, shall be;

and in case admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by force by day into any such house, building, or place whatsoever, and to carry away all copies of the libel there found, MONTHLY MAG, No, 337.

and to detain the same in safe custody until the same shall be restored under the provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further order made in relation thereto.

II. Copies of libels so seized to be restored if judgment for defendant; otherwise to be disposed of as the Court shall direct.

III. Court of Justiciary in Scotland to make order for seizing copies of libels, &c.

IV. If any person shall, after the passing of this Act, be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published, any blaspheaforesaid, and shall, after being so convictmous libel, or any such seditious libel as ed, offend a second time, and be thereof legally convicted before any commission of Oyer and Terminer or gaol delivery, or in his Majesty's Court of King's Bench, such person may, on such second conviction, be adjudged, at the discretion of the Court, either to suffer such punishment as may now by law be inflicted in cases of high misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other parts of his Majesty's dominions, for such term of years as the Court in which such conviction shall take place shall order.

V. In case any person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall within thirty days after the pronouncing not depart from this United Kingdom of such sentence and order as aforesaid, for the purpose of going into such banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for his Majesty to convey such person to such parts out of the dominions of his said Majesty, as his Majesty, by and with the advice of his Privy Council, shall direct.

VI. If any offender, who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to

be banished in manner aforesaid, shall, after the end of forty days from the time such sentence and order hath been pronounced, be at large within any part of the United Kingdom, or any other part of his Majesty's dominions, without some lawful cause, before the expiration of the term for which such offender shall have

been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such place as shall be appointed by his Majesty for any term not exceeding fourteen years;

Y

and

and such offender may be tried, either be fore any justices of assize, Oyer and Terminer, great sessions, or gaol delivery, for the county, city, liberty, borough, or place, where such offender shall be apprehended and taken, or where he or she was sentenced to banishment; and the clerk of assize, clerk of the peace, or other clerk or officer of the court having the custody of the records where such order of banishment shall have been made, shall, when thereunto required on his Majesty's behalf, make out and give a certificate in writing, signed by him, containing the ef fect and substance only (omitting the formal part) of every indictment and convic

tion of such offender, and of the order for

his or her banishment, to the justices of assize, Oyer and Terminer, great sessions, or gaol delivery, where such offender shall be indicted, for which certificate six shillings and eight-pence, and no more, shall be paid, and which certificate shall be snfficient proof of the conviction and order for banishment of any such offender.

Cap. IX. To subject certain Publications to the Duties of Stamps upon Newspapers, and to make other Regulations for restraining the Abuses arising from the Publication of Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.-Dec. 30.

I. Whereas pamphlets and printed papers, containing observations upon public events and occurrences, tending to excite hatred and contempt of the government and constitution of these realms as by law established, and also vilifying our Holy Religion, have lately been published in great numbers, and at very small prices; and it is expedient that the same should be restrained: may it therefore please your Majesty, &c. that from and after ten days after the passing of this Act, all pamphlets and papers containing any public news, intelligence or occurrences, or any remarks or observations thereon, or upon any matter in church or state, printed in any part of the United Kingdom for sale, and published periodically, or in parts or numbers, at intervals not exceeding twenty-six days between the publication of any two such pamphlets or papers, parts or numbers, where any of the said pamphlets or papers, parts or numbers respectively, shall not exceed two sheets, or shall be published for sale for a less sum than sixpence, exclusive of the duty by this Act imposed thereon, shall be deemed and taken to be newspapers within the true intent and meaning of an Act of Parliament passed in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of his present Majesty; and be subject to such and the same duties of stamps, with such and the same allowances, and discounts, as newspapers printed in Great Britain and Ireland respectively, now are subject unto, under and by virtue of the said recited Acts of Parliament,

and shall be printed, published, and distributed under and subject to all such and the like rules, regulations, restrictions, provisions, penalties, and forfeitures, as are contained in the said recited Acts.

II. No quantity of paper, less than twenty-one inches in length and seventeen in breadth, to be deemed a sheet.

III. No cover or blank leaf to be deemed part of a pamphlet.

IV. Publications at intervals exceeding twenty-six days, to be published on the first day of every calendar month, or within two days before or after. Penalty 201. be printed on periodical publications, and V. The price and day of publication to penalty for omitting the same, 201. VI. Not to extend to the allowance made to distributors who buy to retail.

freed from all regulations relating to VII. Pamphlets able to stamp duties pamphlets.

days after the passing of this Act, shall VIII. No person, from and after thirty print or publish for sale, any newspaper, or any pamphlet or other paper containing any public news, intelligence, or occurrences, or any remarks or observations thereon, or upon any matter in church or state, which shall not exceed two sheets, or which shall be published for sale at a less price than sixpence, until he or she shall have entered into a recognizance before a baron of the Exchequer, in England, Scotland, or Ireland respectively, as the case may be, if such newspaper or pamph let, or other paper aforesaid, shall be printed in London or Westminster, or in Edinburgh or Dublin, or shall have executed in the presence of, and delivered to some justice of the peace for the county, city, or place, where such newspaper, pamphlet, or other paper shall be printed, if printed elsewhere, a bond to his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, together with two or three sufficient sureties, to the satisfaction of the baron of the Exche quer taking such recognizance, or of the justice of the peace taking such bond, every person printing or publishing any such newspaper or pamphlet or paper aforesaid, in the sum of three hundred pounds, if such newspaper, pamphlet, or paper, shall be printed in London or within twenty miles thereof, and in the sum of two hundred pounds, if such newspaper, pamphlet, or paper, shall be printed elsewhere in the United Kingdom, and his or her sureties in a like sum in the whole.

IX. If sureties pay any part of the money for which they are bound, or become bankrupt, new recognizance or bond with suretics must be given. Penalty, 201.

X. Sureties may withdraw from recog mizance upon giving notice. New recognizance to be entered into. Penalty 201. XI. Bonds not to be subject to stamp duty.

XII. Lists