think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

III. The Prefident fhall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen, during the recefs of the Senate, by granting commiffions, which fhall expire at the end of their next feffion.

SECTION III.

He fhall, from time to time, give to the Congrefs information of the ftate of the union; and recommend to their confideration fuch meafures as he fhall judge neceffary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both Houfes, or either of them; and, in cafe of difagreement between them, with refpect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fuch time as he fhall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public minifters. He fhall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commiffion all the officers of the United States.

SECTION IV.

The Prefident, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, fhall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mifdemeanors.

ARTICLE III. SECTION I.

The judicial power of the United States fhall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in fuch inferior courts, as the Congrefs may, from time to time, ordain and eft ablish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, fhall hold their offices during good behaviour; and fhall, at ftated times, receive for their fervices, a compenfation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECTION II.

I. The judicial power fhall extend to all cafes, in law and equity, arifing under this conftitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which fhall be made, under their authority; to all cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public minifters, and confuls; to all cafes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controverfies to which the United States

fhall be a party, to controverfies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different ftates, between citizens of the fame ftate claiming fands under grants of different ftates, and between a fate, or the citizens thereof, and foreign ftates, citizens, or fubjects.

II. In all cafes, affecting ambaffadors, other public minifters, and confuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court fhall have original jurifdiction. In all the other cafes before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurifdiction, both as to law and fact, with fuch exceptions, and under fuch regulations, as the Congrefs fhail make.

III. The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, fhall be by jury; and fuch trial fhall be held in the ftate where the faid crimes fhall have been committed; but when not committed within any ftate, the trial fhall be at fuch place or places, as the Congress may by law have directed,

SECTION III.

I. Treafon against the United States fhall confift only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No perfon fhall be convicted of treafon unless on the teftimony of two witnesses to the fame overt act, or on confeffion in open court.

II. The Congrefs fhall have power to declare the punishment of treafon; but no attainder of treafon fhall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the perfon attainted.

ARTICLE IV. SECTION I.

Full faith and credit shall be given, in each state, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other ftate. And the Congrefs may, by penal laws, prescribe the manner in which fuch acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof.

SECTION II.

I. The citizens of each ftate fhall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the feveral states.

II. A perfon charged in any ftate with treafon, felony, or other crime, who fhall flee from juftice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the ftate from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the ftate, having jurisdiction of the crime.

III. No perfon, held to fervice or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, efcaping into another, fhall, in confequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from fuch fervice or labour; but fhall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom fuch fervice or labour may be due.

SECTION III.

I. New ftates may be admitted by the Congrefs into this union; but no new ftate fhall be formed or erected within the jurifdiction of any other ftate-nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more ftates or parts of ftates-without the confent of the Legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congrefs.

II. The Congrefs shall have power to difpofe of, and make all needful rules and regulations refpecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States: and nothing in this conftitution fhall be fo conftrued, as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.

SECTION IV.

The United States fhall guarantee to every ftate in this union, a republican form of government; and fhall protect each of them against invafion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legiflature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congrefs, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neceffary, fhall propofe amendments to this conftitution, or on the application of the Legiflatures of two-thirds of the feveral ftates, fhall call a convention for propofing amendments, which, in either cafe, fhall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this conftitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the

other mode of ratification may be propofed by the Congrefs; Provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, fhall in any manner affect the firft and fourth claufes in the ninth fection of the first article; and that no ftate, without its confent, fhall be deprived of its equal fuffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI.

I. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this conftitution, fhall be as valid against the United States, under this conftitution as under the confederation.

II. This conftitution, and the laws of the United States which fhall be made in purfuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which fhall be made, under the authority of the United States, fhall be the fupreme law of the land, and the Judges, in every state, shall be bound thereby, any thing in the conftitution or laws of any itate to the contrary notwithstanding.

III. The Senators and Reprefentatives before mentioned, and the members of the feveral ftate Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the feveral states, fhall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to fupport this conftitution; but no religious teft fhall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine ftates fhall be fufficient for the establishment of this conftitution between the ftates fo ratifying the fame.

Done in convention, by the unanimous confent of the states prefent, the feventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eightyfeven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto fubfcribed our names.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prefident,

and Delegate from Virginia. Maffachusetts.

Nathaniel Gorham,

Rufus King.

The following ARTICLES in addition to, and amendment of, the Conftitution of the United States, having been ratified by the Legislatures of nine ftates, are equally obligatory with the Conftitution itself.

I. CONGRESS fhall make no law refpecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercife thereof, or abridging the freedom of fpeech, or of the prefs; or the right of the people peaceably to affemble, and to petition the government for a redrefs of grievances.

II. A well regulated militia being neceffary to the security of a free ftate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms fhall not be infringed.

III. No foldier fhall, in time of peace, be quartered in any houfe, without the confent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.